1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans was caused by the idea of having a "better life" in America. There were more opportunities in America for all immigrants. Also, Europe became over populated so the immigrants knew they could be more successful in America. Farming land was scarce in Europe, too. The Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese came to America also because of the opportunities. They thought they could have a better life in America. Also, they emigrated from their homelands becaue they were afraid of religious and social prosecution. Over all, the main cause of the immigration from these countries was because of the chance of a better life and the opportunities.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
Immigrants coming to America from over the Atlantic Ocean, like the Europeans, would have to endure a week long trip over the ocean. Eventually there became a immigration stop at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. All they had to do was pass a physical examination by a doctor and an inspector checked documents and questioned them. They had questions like if they were ever convicted of a crime, had to demonstrate if they could work, and had to show if they had some money. The immigrants,the Asians, coming over on a three week trip across the Pacific Ocean also had to stop at an immigration place called Angel Island in the Sanfrancisco Bay. They had to take and be examined more meticulously. They had harder questions and it took longer to be admitted, and their holding buildings were filthy and poorly built. After they were admitted they had the difficulties of finding a place to live, a job, and understanding and coping with the new culture and language.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Saturday, September 19, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
the Knights of Labor
a. founded by Philadelphia garment cutters (in 1860), Terence V. Powderly (in 1879) was elected as grand master (he was a machinist and the former mayor of Scranton, PA), the organization welcomed women, African-Americans, immigrants, and unskilled and semiskilled workers to join
b. they believed that tehy ecould eliminate conflict by establishing a cooperative society in which laborers worker for themselves, not for those who possessed capital, technological and organizational changes were making it impossible to reach their goals, they saw producer and consumer cooperatives as preferable to the forces of greeed that surrounded them, they concluded that a society in which all groups lived cooperatively was achievable (this view gave organization strength and weakness; one weakness was the cooperative idea gave laborers little bargaining power), the organization opposed strikes because it tended to divert attention from the long term goal and workers usually lost more than win strikes, they began to campaign for an eight hour workday so they could create more jobs and reduce the unemployment
the Haymarket riot
a. On May 1st 1886 mass strikes in Chicago arrose like in front of the McCormick reaper factory, two days later police stormed area near reaper factory and broke up a battle between unionists and nonunion strikebreakers (police shot and killed two unionists and wounded some others), later labor groups rallied at the Haymarket Square to protest police brutality (a bomb exploded near the polices' front ranks, then huge arrests of anarchists and unionists followed, eight anarchists were tried and convicted but the Illinois governor John Altgekd was able to free one after some died and one committed suicide he thought that they were victims of the court)
b. the bombing brought attentio to the growing discomfort of labor and revived middle-class fear of radicalism, it was the result of the police brutality and the whole entire event was because of the unfairness to the workers/laborers.
the American Federation of Labor
a. in 1886, it was an alliance of national craft unions, the members were mostly skilled native-born workers, it was led by Samuel Gompers, they avoided the idealistic rhetoric of worker solidarity to press for concrete goals (higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively), it accepted industrialism and worked to improve conditions within the wage-and-hours system, it required constituent unions to hire organizers to expand membership (it collected dues for a fund to iad members on strike), and the organization avoided party politics.
b. It was the cause of other organizations/unions that allowed members to be unskilled or semiskilled, it emerged from the upheavels of the major workers' organization.
Samuel Gompers
a. he's the leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and is a pragmatic and opportunistic immigrant who also leaded the Cigar Makers' Union, he made the AFL grow from one million members in 1901 to two and a half million in 1917 (it represented one hundred eleven national unions and twenty-seven thousand local unions), the organization listened and followed under his dictum to support labor's friends and oppose its enemies regardless of party.
b. in result of labor violence the AFL suffered serious setbacks, hisb leadership and organization lead to other unions and leaders that either shared or greatly disagreed with the AFL's goals and etcetera.
the Homestead strike
a. in July 1892, the AFL and Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts and went on strike in Homestead Pennsylvania, Henry Frick was the president of the Carnegie Steel Company
b. As a result of the riot Frick hired three hundred Pinkerton guards and floated them across by barge at night, in result of Frick's actions there were angry workers waiting on the Mohongahela River shore that attacked and routed the guards, and then state militia were summoned but after five months the strikers gave in, also an attempt of killing Frick by a young anarchist who wasn't a striker resulted in the change in public opinion turning against strikes.
the Pullman strike
a. Occurred in 1894, George Pullman and his workers, his workers were upset about how he ran the town (which he controled and tried to make 'luxurious' for the workers), Pullman would negotiate with the worker and he would reduce their wages but still keep all the store prices and etc. the same price, the strikers gave in within a month.
b. Strike was result of Pullman's town, actions, and rules, the workers sent a committee to Pullman to protest his policies (and resulting in him firing three committee members), which caused the very angry workers by then to call on a strike, which caused Pullman to close the plant resulting in the aid for the workers led by Eugene V. Debs who refused to handle all of Pullman's cars, then Pullman got help from U.S. Attorney General Richard Olney who obtained a court injunction to prevent the union from striking and etc.
Eugene V. Debs
a. leader if the union that participated in the Pullman Strike, he was a young, charismatic organizer, who voted to iad the strikers by refusing to handle any of Pullman's cars, he was jailed for defying the court injunction, the Supreme Court upheld Debs's six-month prison sentence on grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.
b. he was thrown in jail because of his actions against Pullman and in helping the workers strike and he's a good example of how out of control and aggresive the strikes were getting, and after him and the Pullman Strike there were still more to come.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Established in 1905, strove to unify all laborers including unskilled workers, their motto was "An injury to one is an injury to all", their goal was "one big union", they were also known as the Wobblies, they went beyond goals of the Knights and espoused socialism and tactics of violence and sabotage, they believed that workers should seize and run the nation's industries, a series of strikes were led by "Mother" Jones (an Illinois coalfield union organizer) Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (who was a fiery orator that was also known as "Joan of Arc") and William D. Haywood (called "Big Bill" who was a one-eyed, brawny man that founded the Western Federation of Miners), the membership population of the organization never exceeded over one hundred fifty thousand, the organization faded during World War I when federal prosecution and persecution sent many of its leaders to jail.
b. The organization was made because of the other unions and organizations, they however had different tactics and reasons and etcetera than the other organizations, their violence and sabotage tactics scared the people and thats why many were jailed.
a. founded by Philadelphia garment cutters (in 1860), Terence V. Powderly (in 1879) was elected as grand master (he was a machinist and the former mayor of Scranton, PA), the organization welcomed women, African-Americans, immigrants, and unskilled and semiskilled workers to join
b. they believed that tehy ecould eliminate conflict by establishing a cooperative society in which laborers worker for themselves, not for those who possessed capital, technological and organizational changes were making it impossible to reach their goals, they saw producer and consumer cooperatives as preferable to the forces of greeed that surrounded them, they concluded that a society in which all groups lived cooperatively was achievable (this view gave organization strength and weakness; one weakness was the cooperative idea gave laborers little bargaining power), the organization opposed strikes because it tended to divert attention from the long term goal and workers usually lost more than win strikes, they began to campaign for an eight hour workday so they could create more jobs and reduce the unemployment
the Haymarket riot
a. On May 1st 1886 mass strikes in Chicago arrose like in front of the McCormick reaper factory, two days later police stormed area near reaper factory and broke up a battle between unionists and nonunion strikebreakers (police shot and killed two unionists and wounded some others), later labor groups rallied at the Haymarket Square to protest police brutality (a bomb exploded near the polices' front ranks, then huge arrests of anarchists and unionists followed, eight anarchists were tried and convicted but the Illinois governor John Altgekd was able to free one after some died and one committed suicide he thought that they were victims of the court)
b. the bombing brought attentio to the growing discomfort of labor and revived middle-class fear of radicalism, it was the result of the police brutality and the whole entire event was because of the unfairness to the workers/laborers.
the American Federation of Labor
a. in 1886, it was an alliance of national craft unions, the members were mostly skilled native-born workers, it was led by Samuel Gompers, they avoided the idealistic rhetoric of worker solidarity to press for concrete goals (higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively), it accepted industrialism and worked to improve conditions within the wage-and-hours system, it required constituent unions to hire organizers to expand membership (it collected dues for a fund to iad members on strike), and the organization avoided party politics.
b. It was the cause of other organizations/unions that allowed members to be unskilled or semiskilled, it emerged from the upheavels of the major workers' organization.
Samuel Gompers
a. he's the leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and is a pragmatic and opportunistic immigrant who also leaded the Cigar Makers' Union, he made the AFL grow from one million members in 1901 to two and a half million in 1917 (it represented one hundred eleven national unions and twenty-seven thousand local unions), the organization listened and followed under his dictum to support labor's friends and oppose its enemies regardless of party.
b. in result of labor violence the AFL suffered serious setbacks, hisb leadership and organization lead to other unions and leaders that either shared or greatly disagreed with the AFL's goals and etcetera.
the Homestead strike
a. in July 1892, the AFL and Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts and went on strike in Homestead Pennsylvania, Henry Frick was the president of the Carnegie Steel Company
b. As a result of the riot Frick hired three hundred Pinkerton guards and floated them across by barge at night, in result of Frick's actions there were angry workers waiting on the Mohongahela River shore that attacked and routed the guards, and then state militia were summoned but after five months the strikers gave in, also an attempt of killing Frick by a young anarchist who wasn't a striker resulted in the change in public opinion turning against strikes.
the Pullman strike
a. Occurred in 1894, George Pullman and his workers, his workers were upset about how he ran the town (which he controled and tried to make 'luxurious' for the workers), Pullman would negotiate with the worker and he would reduce their wages but still keep all the store prices and etc. the same price, the strikers gave in within a month.
b. Strike was result of Pullman's town, actions, and rules, the workers sent a committee to Pullman to protest his policies (and resulting in him firing three committee members), which caused the very angry workers by then to call on a strike, which caused Pullman to close the plant resulting in the aid for the workers led by Eugene V. Debs who refused to handle all of Pullman's cars, then Pullman got help from U.S. Attorney General Richard Olney who obtained a court injunction to prevent the union from striking and etc.
Eugene V. Debs
a. leader if the union that participated in the Pullman Strike, he was a young, charismatic organizer, who voted to iad the strikers by refusing to handle any of Pullman's cars, he was jailed for defying the court injunction, the Supreme Court upheld Debs's six-month prison sentence on grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.
b. he was thrown in jail because of his actions against Pullman and in helping the workers strike and he's a good example of how out of control and aggresive the strikes were getting, and after him and the Pullman Strike there were still more to come.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Established in 1905, strove to unify all laborers including unskilled workers, their motto was "An injury to one is an injury to all", their goal was "one big union", they were also known as the Wobblies, they went beyond goals of the Knights and espoused socialism and tactics of violence and sabotage, they believed that workers should seize and run the nation's industries, a series of strikes were led by "Mother" Jones (an Illinois coalfield union organizer) Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (who was a fiery orator that was also known as "Joan of Arc") and William D. Haywood (called "Big Bill" who was a one-eyed, brawny man that founded the Western Federation of Miners), the membership population of the organization never exceeded over one hundred fifty thousand, the organization faded during World War I when federal prosecution and persecution sent many of its leaders to jail.
b. The organization was made because of the other unions and organizations, they however had different tactics and reasons and etcetera than the other organizations, their violence and sabotage tactics scared the people and thats why many were jailed.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
Andrew Carnegie-was one of the first individuals to rise from rags to riches by purchasing stock because he was the private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad and one day untangled a huge mess with the freight and passenger trains. He founded the Carnegie Steel Company.
Social Darwinism-is a philosophy based on Darwin's theory of Evolution,and Herbert Spencer wrote a book about social darwinism saying that the market place should not be regulated and that it should not be tampered with or changed by anyone.
John D. Rockefeller-established the Standard Oil Company,took a different approach to mergers and made trusting agreements with competing companies. He used a trust to gain total control of America's oil industry. Also, he sold his oil less than other companies, payed workers low rates, and when had control boosted the prices of oil.
Sherman Antitrust Act-was passed in 1890 and made it illegal to form trusts that interefered with free trade betweem states and other countries.
Samuel Gompers-leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union joining other craft unions, which were skilled workers from one or more trade, in 1886. President of the AFL.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)-they focused on collective bargaining to make agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions between countries. Used strikes as a major tactic while the craft unions used it as a last resort.
Eugene V. Debs-began when an attempt at making an industrial union that included skilled and unskilled workers, they formed the American Railway Union, they won a strike for higher wages in 1894, it failed but added to the momentom of union organization.
Industrial Workers of the World-formed in 1905 in Chicago also known as the Wobblies, headed by William Haywood, the union included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers, it welcomed African Americans to join but their members never topped to 100,000, and its only major strick victory occurred in 1912.
Mary Harris Jones-was the most prominant advocate in the women's labor union, she supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America,in 1903 lead 80 mill children with very noticable injuries to President Theodore Roosevelt's home, which influenced the passing of child labor laws.
Social Darwinism-is a philosophy based on Darwin's theory of Evolution,and Herbert Spencer wrote a book about social darwinism saying that the market place should not be regulated and that it should not be tampered with or changed by anyone.
John D. Rockefeller-established the Standard Oil Company,took a different approach to mergers and made trusting agreements with competing companies. He used a trust to gain total control of America's oil industry. Also, he sold his oil less than other companies, payed workers low rates, and when had control boosted the prices of oil.
Sherman Antitrust Act-was passed in 1890 and made it illegal to form trusts that interefered with free trade betweem states and other countries.
Samuel Gompers-leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union joining other craft unions, which were skilled workers from one or more trade, in 1886. President of the AFL.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)-they focused on collective bargaining to make agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions between countries. Used strikes as a major tactic while the craft unions used it as a last resort.
Eugene V. Debs-began when an attempt at making an industrial union that included skilled and unskilled workers, they formed the American Railway Union, they won a strike for higher wages in 1894, it failed but added to the momentom of union organization.
Industrial Workers of the World-formed in 1905 in Chicago also known as the Wobblies, headed by William Haywood, the union included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers, it welcomed African Americans to join but their members never topped to 100,000, and its only major strick victory occurred in 1912.
Mary Harris Jones-was the most prominant advocate in the women's labor union, she supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America,in 1903 lead 80 mill children with very noticable injuries to President Theodore Roosevelt's home, which influenced the passing of child labor laws.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Railroad Development
The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads for many reasons including:the settling of the west and the development of the country. The railroads allowed settlers and the people to move to the west and begin anew or prosper. Many people like the idea of settling west and starting their lives over. With many people settling in the west it helped develop the country by their profits and expansion, or making the country bigger. Also, the railroads helped develop the country. After the railroads were built many towns began to build up making the population and country bigger. The railroads also enabled the country to sell, or market many products from all over the country; in short it made the country profit. With the profits and growing population the country began to prosper and develop. In summary, the government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads because it let the settlers and people know that there was fantastic land to settle into, or it made expansion of the west increase in population, and the promotions of the railroad helped develop the country by making it profit and prosper.
The government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads for many reasons including:the settling of the west and the development of the country. The railroads allowed settlers and the people to move to the west and begin anew or prosper. Many people like the idea of settling west and starting their lives over. With many people settling in the west it helped develop the country by their profits and expansion, or making the country bigger. Also, the railroads helped develop the country. After the railroads were built many towns began to build up making the population and country bigger. The railroads also enabled the country to sell, or market many products from all over the country; in short it made the country profit. With the profits and growing population the country began to prosper and develop. In summary, the government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads because it let the settlers and people know that there was fantastic land to settle into, or it made expansion of the west increase in population, and the promotions of the railroad helped develop the country by making it profit and prosper.
Friday, September 11, 2009
Expansion of Industry
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War were the wealth of natural resources, government support for businesses, and a growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped bring about the technological boom.
The wealth of natural resources greatly helped with the technological boom. Edwin L. Drake used the oil in Texas to sell kerosene and eventually gas. He first got the oil by using a steam engine to help drill through the ground. Also, not knowing that gas was useful he just distributed kerosene for kerosene lamps, but when automobiles became popular he was able to distribute the gas as well. The gas distribution increased the number of automobiles being made, which helped bring about the technological boom. The people also became to use oil to make iron and eventually steel. They found out that if they took away carbon and some of the other impurities in iron they could make steel, which was much more useful to make bridges, such as the Brooklyn Bridge, and skyscrapers. The use of steel increased the technological boom by being so useful to build many structures. The wealth of the natural resources helped build up the technological boom, but so did the growing urban population.
The growing urban population helped build up the technological boom. One way, people began to invent things. For example, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. After the light bulb it lead to the development to electricity. The people invented a way to use and make electricity for fans, newspaper pressers, and houses. Also, even after the invention of the light bulb and the development of electricity came more inventions that helped build up the technological boom. The invention of the typewriter and telephone definitely built up the technological boom. Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter, which allowed women to receive and have more jobs and opportunities for jobs. Then Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which opened a worldwide communications network. All the inventions created dramatically helped build up the technological boom.
In conclusion, the wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population exponentially helped build up the technological boom. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped to make America a better and wealthier country. Also, the technological boom was a momentous part of the fast development of the United States becoming a powerful nation.
The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War were the wealth of natural resources, government support for businesses, and a growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped bring about the technological boom.
The wealth of natural resources greatly helped with the technological boom. Edwin L. Drake used the oil in Texas to sell kerosene and eventually gas. He first got the oil by using a steam engine to help drill through the ground. Also, not knowing that gas was useful he just distributed kerosene for kerosene lamps, but when automobiles became popular he was able to distribute the gas as well. The gas distribution increased the number of automobiles being made, which helped bring about the technological boom. The people also became to use oil to make iron and eventually steel. They found out that if they took away carbon and some of the other impurities in iron they could make steel, which was much more useful to make bridges, such as the Brooklyn Bridge, and skyscrapers. The use of steel increased the technological boom by being so useful to build many structures. The wealth of the natural resources helped build up the technological boom, but so did the growing urban population.
The growing urban population helped build up the technological boom. One way, people began to invent things. For example, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. After the light bulb it lead to the development to electricity. The people invented a way to use and make electricity for fans, newspaper pressers, and houses. Also, even after the invention of the light bulb and the development of electricity came more inventions that helped build up the technological boom. The invention of the typewriter and telephone definitely built up the technological boom. Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter, which allowed women to receive and have more jobs and opportunities for jobs. Then Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which opened a worldwide communications network. All the inventions created dramatically helped build up the technological boom.
In conclusion, the wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population exponentially helped build up the technological boom. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped to make America a better and wealthier country. Also, the technological boom was a momentous part of the fast development of the United States becoming a powerful nation.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Westward Expansion Questions
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
One reason is that the White-Americans took over the land in the Great Plains that was promised to the Native Americans. Also, the Native Americans were culture-shocked when they had to be "americaninized". They didn't understand the White-American's culture and were sometimes insulted. Another reason, some Native Americans still didn't want to give up their lands, but the White-Americans thought that since the Native Americans didn't really 'own' their land that they could just go in, take it, and become the owners. The White-Americans also didn't like the Native Americans and vice-versa; the Native Americans didn't like the White-Americans. Lastly, the government also promised to give the Native Americans some of the sales or profits from the land that was sold to settlers in the Great Plains.
Think About:
Native Americans' way of life
Cultural differences
Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
Government promises
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains?
The government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains were very successful. The idea of giving free land was completely successful, people from everywhere and of every ethnicity went out west and settled. For example, land in Oklahoma was going to be given to settlers for free and before the 'free land' was even posted tons of people claimed two million acres of land, and the state became known as the "Sooner State" because people claimed land before it was even posted. Their goal, however, was not reached because not everyone used their land for farming and cattle farms. Also, the railroad systems plaid a big part because they helped the people settle in the west, to move there. Over all the governments' efforts were very successful because the populations in the Great Plains increased dramatically and the rate of increase was far more than twenty years or more before.
Give examples to support your answer.Think about:
The growth in population on the Great Plains
The role of railroads in the economy
The Homestead Act
One reason is that the White-Americans took over the land in the Great Plains that was promised to the Native Americans. Also, the Native Americans were culture-shocked when they had to be "americaninized". They didn't understand the White-American's culture and were sometimes insulted. Another reason, some Native Americans still didn't want to give up their lands, but the White-Americans thought that since the Native Americans didn't really 'own' their land that they could just go in, take it, and become the owners. The White-Americans also didn't like the Native Americans and vice-versa; the Native Americans didn't like the White-Americans. Lastly, the government also promised to give the Native Americans some of the sales or profits from the land that was sold to settlers in the Great Plains.
Think About:
Native Americans' way of life
Cultural differences
Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
Government promises
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains?
The government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains were very successful. The idea of giving free land was completely successful, people from everywhere and of every ethnicity went out west and settled. For example, land in Oklahoma was going to be given to settlers for free and before the 'free land' was even posted tons of people claimed two million acres of land, and the state became known as the "Sooner State" because people claimed land before it was even posted. Their goal, however, was not reached because not everyone used their land for farming and cattle farms. Also, the railroad systems plaid a big part because they helped the people settle in the west, to move there. Over all the governments' efforts were very successful because the populations in the Great Plains increased dramatically and the rate of increase was far more than twenty years or more before.
Give examples to support your answer.Think about:
The growth in population on the Great Plains
The role of railroads in the economy
The Homestead Act
Friday, September 4, 2009
Conflict in Iraq Q &A
Directions: Read Part I (Pages 1 - 12) and answer the short answer and extended response questions below. Then, read Part II (Pages 13 - 29) and answer the questions that follow. All answers are due either on your blog (label the post Iraq) or you can submit them in writing on Tuesday. (NOTE: There are two graphic organizers at the end of the readings to help you organize your information for Part II.)
Part I Questions:
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: Northern mountainous region Shi'a: Southeastern Iraq Sunnis: Central region of Iraq
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a and Kurds hold power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason they became involved in Iraq was because of the oil-rich land.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They advocated greater freedoms and pressed democracy and development.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He became the deputy to President Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr in 1968 and he modernized Iraq's economy and carried out social welfare programs.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
They became involved in the Iran-Iraq War because Iran stepped up attacks against Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, to improve relations with Iran and the hope that they would secure freedom for U.S. hostages in Lebanon.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. they worried about the consequences of controling a completely destabilized Iraq
b. and objected to totally destroying Iraq's retreating army and toppling Saddam Hussein.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq include the Kurds, Sunnis, and Shi'a. The Sunnis and Shi'a are two different understandings or as they put it branches in the Islamic religion; also known as the Muslim religion. The major difference between the Sunnis and Shi'a is that after the death of their Prophert in 632 they believed in two different people as the Prophet's descendants. Also, the Sunnis emphasized the aspect of conformity and social stability in their religion; while the Shi'a emphasized equity, social justice, and the dignity of the individual. The Kurds are much different from the Sunnis and Shi'a. They have been fighting for independence and to build up their own country, already named Kurdistan, since the the 1950's and they also live in one of the oil-rich lands. The Shi'a live in the other oil-rich land in the Southeast. It is important to understand these differences because they are an important role in Iraqi politics; many Iraqis feel more connected to their tribe than the state of Iraq.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. the supposid weapons program Iraq had
b. and the sponsorship of terrorism
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. to end Saddam Hussein's regime
b. and to uncover the weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. illegal weapons dealers operate throughout the country
b. and in absence of effective government protection many communities are dependent on local militia to protect them
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: they believe that Sunni's are continueing Saddam Hussein's tactics and terrorism, they don't want Sunni minority to control the country again, don't want to be ruled by foreigners, and some groups support division of Iraq into smaller regions.
Sunni: they believe the Shi'a are trying to take control of the country and blame the U.S. for helping them, they don't want to be shut out of government, and they are concerned if the Shi'a were to control the country they would align Iraq with Iran.
Kurd: they are warry of Sunni's political power, the want self determination for Kurdistan, and there's disagreement between smaller groups of Kurds about if they should or shouldn't be apart of Iraq.
al Qaeda: Aims to foster sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqi government, and more radical members seek to establish a caliphate (a single Islamic state that would encompass countries across the region).
Part I Questions:
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: Northern mountainous region Shi'a: Southeastern Iraq Sunnis: Central region of Iraq
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a and Kurds hold power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason they became involved in Iraq was because of the oil-rich land.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They advocated greater freedoms and pressed democracy and development.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He became the deputy to President Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr in 1968 and he modernized Iraq's economy and carried out social welfare programs.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
They became involved in the Iran-Iraq War because Iran stepped up attacks against Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, to improve relations with Iran and the hope that they would secure freedom for U.S. hostages in Lebanon.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. they worried about the consequences of controling a completely destabilized Iraq
b. and objected to totally destroying Iraq's retreating army and toppling Saddam Hussein.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq include the Kurds, Sunnis, and Shi'a. The Sunnis and Shi'a are two different understandings or as they put it branches in the Islamic religion; also known as the Muslim religion. The major difference between the Sunnis and Shi'a is that after the death of their Prophert in 632 they believed in two different people as the Prophet's descendants. Also, the Sunnis emphasized the aspect of conformity and social stability in their religion; while the Shi'a emphasized equity, social justice, and the dignity of the individual. The Kurds are much different from the Sunnis and Shi'a. They have been fighting for independence and to build up their own country, already named Kurdistan, since the the 1950's and they also live in one of the oil-rich lands. The Shi'a live in the other oil-rich land in the Southeast. It is important to understand these differences because they are an important role in Iraqi politics; many Iraqis feel more connected to their tribe than the state of Iraq.
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Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. the supposid weapons program Iraq had
b. and the sponsorship of terrorism
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. to end Saddam Hussein's regime
b. and to uncover the weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. illegal weapons dealers operate throughout the country
b. and in absence of effective government protection many communities are dependent on local militia to protect them
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: they believe that Sunni's are continueing Saddam Hussein's tactics and terrorism, they don't want Sunni minority to control the country again, don't want to be ruled by foreigners, and some groups support division of Iraq into smaller regions.
Sunni: they believe the Shi'a are trying to take control of the country and blame the U.S. for helping them, they don't want to be shut out of government, and they are concerned if the Shi'a were to control the country they would align Iraq with Iran.
Kurd: they are warry of Sunni's political power, the want self determination for Kurdistan, and there's disagreement between smaller groups of Kurds about if they should or shouldn't be apart of Iraq.
al Qaeda: Aims to foster sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqi government, and more radical members seek to establish a caliphate (a single Islamic state that would encompass countries across the region).
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