Securing the Peace Handout

1. Why did Woodrow Wilson not take any Republicans with him to Europe for the Peace Conference?

Wilson didn't take any Republicans with him to the Peace Conference because him and the Republicans had major political differences. Also, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Wilson were rivalries. Wilson absolutely hated Lodge and since the Republicans got the majority in the midterm election wounded his pride and therefor preventing him from seeking Lodge's cooperation. Lastly, most of the Republicans were very powerful, in the Senate and Congress, so he didn't want someone overpowering him and his proposals at the Peace Conference.

2. Why was Wilson welcomed in Paris?

Wilson was welcomed in Paris because the people there had read his Fourteen Points proposal and found hope in its terms and the new ideas. Also, many people from around the world came to see him in Paris hoping to represent their country for their desires after the war. Many nationalists also came to see Wilson hoping to secure their groups' independence, like in one of his Fourteen Points he calls for "self-rule."

3. The idea of self-rule, which Wilson advocated, was not included in the Treaty to the extent Wilson had hoped. Why not?

"Self-rule" was not included in the Treaty to the extent of what Wilson had hoped because the other nations, such as France, Great Britain, and Japan had other intentions. They wanted to still rule some colonies and then eventually give them independence. Also, they did not want there to be a war without victors gaining and losers losing, so they took some of the land and made seperate nations. Although, many smaller nations came and were allowed to be at the Peace Conference they were greatly excluded and therefore weren't able to represent the nation or express their views. Since the other three of the Big Four did not agree with Wilson they ignored the smaller nations desires to "self-rule."

4. The Allied Big Four-WIlson, Lloyd George, Orlando, and Clemenceau-discussed the question of whether to invite the conquered Germans or new Russian Bolsehvik government to the Versailles Conference and its negotiations but decided against it. Was the decision justified? Explain your reasoning.

I do not think that they were justified in keeping out Russia and Germany out of the negotiations. First, Russia would just try to put their communist ideas in the Treaty, but that doesn't mean that they had to be in the Treaty. Russia would just want more land anyways like the other Big Four countries. Secondly, if Germany were there they would be able to know what was going on in the Treaty and would possibly have a better chance in making the Treaty less harsh if they were there. Germany could stand up for the harshness of the Treaty and make a compromise instead. The Big Four countries making the move to not include Germany and Russia contradicts the League of Nations, which is for countries to talk and compromise their problems instead of fighting. If Germany were there at the Peace Conference and the Treaty were not to be so harsh than we most likely wouldn't have had a second World War.

5. Which Big Four leader showed up at the Paris Conference with the most strength to influence the proceedings? Which was the weakest? Why?

I believe that Lloyd George had the most strength to influence the proceedings because George had won reelection under the slogan "Make Germany Pay," which made him win. The people of Great Britain wanted Germany to pay, and since he won reelection he had to live up to his promises. So he tried his best to make Germany pay and he was successful because the Treaty was extremely harsh on Germany. I think that Wilson was the weakest leader because he let the other leaders take over his Fourteen Points, they said that in order for them to even consider the League of Nations he had to get rid of the other Thirteen Points. Since Wilson was basically married to the League of Nations he couldn't give it up and got rid of the other points. Also, even though the other three Big Four nations were going along with the Treaty and saying that they were for peace, they actually really wanted Germany to pay and were just completely fooling Wilson, who was blind enough to believe them.

6. Why did Wilson have such difficulty seeing his Fourteen Points written into the Peace Plan?

Wilson had great difficulty getting his Fourteen Points into the Peace Plan because none of the other Big Four nations actually wanted them, and at home they were greatly opposed to it. The Republicans and many other people thought that the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations would impede their isolationistic ideas. Also, the other Big Four nations wouldn't look into the League of Nations unless Wilson got rid of the other Fourteen Points, since he was so attached to the League of Nations he got rid of the other thirteen. Overall, the other Big Four nations really didn't want peace and made Wilson get rid of the other thirteen points for the League of Nations which is why Wilson had such difficulty seeing his Fourtain Points in the Peace Plan.

7. Explain Article X of the League of Nations Covenant. What problems with the covenant did some Americans have?

Article X of the League of Nations Covenant is basically saying that no one can intervene or try to mess up the new borders and nations or there will be interving countries, such as the United States, that will both militarily and economically keep these borders the way they are. Other nations have to live with these borders there are final. Some of the problems that a few Americans had were that they thought that the Big Four people should set aside the League of Nations Covenant until after they're done with the peace agreements with Germany. They really didn't like the League of Nations because it threatened Americas idea of isolationism, which is the idea that America should fend for itself and not be involved in foreign nation problems.

World War I A U.S. Perspective:
Why was this war so significant for the United States?
It was so significant because we were the most powerful in the war. The other nations asked for money and help from America, and we were the ones to save the allies from losing the war.

How did the United States initially view the outbreak of World War I?
Initially America wanted to stay out of the war as much as possible, to keep the peace and stay neutral. They didn't really want to get involved in foreign wars or affairs yet when they had stuff to take care of at home such as working conditions for workers.

What impact did the United States have on the war's outcome?
If the United States had not entered the war the allies would have lost and Germany, along with it's allies, would've won and could made every other countries lives horrible. Also, without the loans America gave to the nations the nations wouldn't have been able to build such huge armies and navies, so the United States had both a positive and negative impact. The supply of money made the building of armies and navies larger which made the war that much longer and worse.

How did people in the United States respond to the Treaty of Versailles?
People in the U.S. thought that the Treaty of Versailles was extremely harsh on Germany, and that the League of Nations would impede their isolationistic ideas, nevertheless the Treaty was never ratified by the United States at that time.

How did the war impact the home front?
People didn't like the draft that was going on because young sons shouldn't have to see the horrors of war and they'd be so far away from home, which made the mothers and parents sad and mad at the government for making the draft. Also, boat workers or mostly any type of industry worker was greatly needed by the U.S. to work and make boats and such, which saved them from going into the war to fight but still were able to help. Lastly, most people at first didn't want to go to war, but after repeated attacks on innocent ships where Americans died from Germany, they wanted to go to war and beat Germany.

Why did the United States participate in the conflict?
The United States participated in the conflict because after Germany killed some American passengers for the third time they became very vengeful and wanted to beat Germany. Germany had said that they would no longer sink passenger ships with U-Boats but they still did and it angered many Americans.

Woodrow Wilson Fights for Peace

1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?

It was the proposition to create a League of Nations, which would be a national organization that would let nations talk to each other about their grievances against another nation and resolve them peacefully without starting another war.

2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?

Germany was accused of being the fault of the war and then had to pay reparations to the allies which totaled over thirty-three billion. Also, it humiliated them which made them vengeful making the already "no more wars" effect ineffective. Great Britain and France had also gotten land that was controlled by Germany which could've helped payed off their debt.

3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?

The weaknesses of the treaty were that since it alienated Germany and blamed them for pretty much everything made the "no more war" effect no longer effective, and it made some major postwar problems which would also cause a second world war eventually. Also, Germany was humiliated because they had to admit that they were the cause of the war, and since the nations in the Pacific were taken away from them there was no way they could pay their huge reparations bill. Lastly, the Soviet Union was deprived of land, the allies took some of it away, which made them also vengeful, and some of the nations that were promised "self-determination" were ignored of that right and also became belligerent; they wanted the same rights as the people in the west.

4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?

He objected to the treaty because the League threatened America, they might be isolated, and he didn't like joint economic and military action against aggression. Also, they wanted Congress' right to declare war included in the treaty.

5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?

Wilson helped bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty by ignoring the Republican opinions of the treaty and didn't compromise with them. Also, when he was confined in bed he still pressed for the ratification but it never passed.

6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?

Many Germans wanted vengeance and were upset at how unfair the treaty was, they had to admit the war started because of them and had a huge debt to pay that really hurt the citizens and the nation.

7. Who is George Clemenceau?

George Clemenceau was the primier of France and didn't want any further invasions into France by Germany. He was one of the main four people that helped make the Treaty of Versailles.

8. Who is David Lloyd George?

David Lloyd George was the reelected prime minister of Britain that won with the slogan "Make Germany pay!" which obviously says that he still wanted to fight against Germany and had no intentions of giving any lee-way or be clement towards Germany.

9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.

Russia was excluded from the peace conference so they weren't able to disagree or anything about the treaty, which hurt them because they lost a lot of land which made them vengeful too.

WWI - The War at Home

What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?

1. War Industries Board told companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and they tried to make the companies produce less waste by standardizing products. Also, they increased industry production by twenty percent.

2. Railroad Administration controled the railroads in the United States.

3. Fuel Administration took control on how much coal, gasoline, and oil was being supplied and used. They also introduced "day-light savings" time where it originated from Benjamin Franklin in the 1770's, but they influenced enough people to have "gasless sundays" and "lightness nights" to conserve energy.

4. National War Labor Board was made to stop riots, but it helped them in the end because it improved working conditions, lessened the work day to eight hours, the work place was inspected, and helped ban child labor.

5. Food Administration was established by Wilson to help produce and conserve food; there became meatless weeks, wheatless days, and sweetless weeks. Also, restaurants took away the bowls of sugar they had and served bread only after the meal. Then people began growing their own gardens, and Hoover put high prices on wheat and other popular foods which made farmers buy more land an in turn improved their income by thirty percent. Lastly, since people were growing their own gardens the food supplies to the allies tripled.

6. Committee on Public Information brought immense patriotism, and it used a lot of propaganda to influence people about the positive things about the war, which was lead by George Creel.

7. Espionage and Sedition Acts put fines against anyone who went against the war effort or tried to impede it. Also, it put people in jail for horrific actions against non native-born Americans like Germans, but then it started to get out of hand when people were put to jail or fired from their jobs just because they were against war or trying to improve working conditions in the factories.

Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
George Creel is a significant historical figure because he went crazy on the propaganda. He told people to make paintings, brochures, posters, you name it and it all greatly influenced many people, but it also brought hatred from different ethnic groups. However, his propaganda was pretty much the start of almost "extreme" propaganda. He had taken complete control and took propaganda to the next level, you can say. Bernard M. Baruch is also a significant historical figure because he helped make the War Industries Board successful by setting standards and reducing waste of materials and conserving materials. He greatly changed how people looked at how much oil or gasoline or coal they should use and really started conservation of energy.

The U.S. enters World War I

1. How did the United States raise an army?

They raised an army firstly by passing the Selective Service Act which required men to register to join the army where they would randomly be selected to be in the army. Also, America would train their soldiers over an eight month time period where they would target practice, bayonet drill, kitchen duty, and cleaning up the grounds. Unfortunately they weren't able to practice with the modern weapons, so they uses rocks as grenades and sticks as rifles. Lastly, the U.S. made some crucial steps to help them go across the seas. First, they exempted all the shipyard workers and a few other exceptions. Second, they gave the ship yard workers special flags of recognition and told the citizens to help give them rides to work everyday, the U.S. had basically made every one know that the ship yard workers were very important. Third, they decided to make the parts in seperate places then send them to the ship yards where they would be assembled. Lastly, they took over commercial and private ships to use them in the journey across seas for the soldiers and etcetera.

2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?

U.S. soldiers helped win the war by the navy making barrier of mines across the North Atlantic so the German U-Boats would get caught and so they couldn't go farther up the Atlantic. Also, what really made the allies win was American enthusiasm and freshness because the U.S. really wanted to heart Germany bad and hard and their enthusiasm and freshness spread to the other allied soldiers and forces. Some important people in the war were Alvin York, who killed twenty-five Germans and helped capture one hundred and thirty-two other German soldiers, Eddie Richenbacker was the "ace of aces" American pilot, and General John J. Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF).

3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?

The estimated costs of the war was $338 billion including all the nations.

4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?

The total deaths numbered around twenty-two million and more than half were civilians, plus twenty million wounded, and ten million became refugees. The United States lost forty-eight thousand men in battle and sixty-two thousand men were dying of disease, and more than two hundred thousand men were wounded.

5. Define armistice.

An armistice is basically a truce where you completely cease fire. Germany called an armistice when they were no longer able to fight and it ended the war.

World War I Begins

1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.

The four main causes of World War I are nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the formation of a system of alliances. Nationalism was a cause because many nations wanted independence, like the Slavs in Serbia and some in Austria-Hungary were wanted by Russia so they could have a better country and so Russia and Austria-Hungary were rivals. Imperialism was a cause because the more powerful nations like Germany and France wanted to conquer colonies which gave them manufactured goods and etc., soon the power nations (Britain, France, and Germany) competed for the colonies. Also, militarism is a cause of World War I because at first the power countries were just building them to protect their colonies, but then Germany started making a huge army and built up a stronger navy so Britain started competing with them and so did the other nations, like Italy, France, and even the United States. Lastly, the alliance system was a cause of the war because there were different alliances like the allies and central powers and all the nations were reluctant to fight, and the nations in their alliances promised to back each other up if a nation decided to declare war on one of them.

2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?

The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand became the spark that started WWI because Austria-Hungary then declared war on Siberia, the assassinator was in a group called the Black Hand which promoted Siberian independence, then Germany declared war against Russia then France and invaded Belgium so Britain declared war on them. Overall, it started the dominoes of countries declaring war on each other.

3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?

Within the first few months of fighting Germany had made a plan, called the Schflieffen Plan, were they would try to hold action against Russia, then go through Belgium to Paris, and then they planned to defeat France and after defeat Russia. However, as Germany barged through Belgium the civilians freaked out and were terrified, which turned into a crisis with chaos. Also, there were many casualties because of the Trench Warfare.

4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?

The United States wanted to stay out of the war because they didn't want their young men to be exposed to the horrific scenes on a battlefield, and they wanted to set a good example of peace saying that war was evil. However, only some people believed this while others wanted to go into war. There were strong opinions but they were divided.

5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.

Naturalized citizens wanted to go into war because they felt like they still had ties to their native countries. For example, the Irish saw this as an opportunity to get Ireland its' independence. Socialists opposed U.S. participation in the war because they saw it as a war between Germany and England that they were competing to control the lands in Africa, China, and the Middle East. Pacifists opposed America going to war because they saw it as evil and that the U.S. should set a good example of peace. Lastly, the parents opposed the war because they didn't want their sons going into war and seeing the horrors of it.

6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?

Germany responded to the British naval blockade of Germany's ports by sending their submarines to the ports of Britain and tries to sink all their boats that were there without warning. The U.S. response to this was that after they sank Lusitania off the coast of Ireland, which killed 128 Americans, the U.S. opinion of Germany was angry and they turned against Germany and the Central Powers. Also, Germany kept sinking other ships that had Americans on it and the U.S. responded with protests against Germany. Germany then made a promise to stop sinking ships, but on a condition that the U.S. would have to convince Britain to remove its blockade, which the U.S. was unable to do.

7. What forced the United States into the war?

What forced the United States into war was the fact that Germany threatened to sink any ship in the British ports wether neutral or not, and then an intercepted telegraph by Britain from Germany saying that if Mexico made an alliance with Germany then Germany would help back them up by getting Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if America were to declare war on them. Also, when the Russian monarchy was replaced with a representative government, which gave Americans the idea that this was a war against brutal monarchies and democracies.

America As A World Power

1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
President Roosevelt played the role of the peacemaker in ending the Russo-Japanese War. He wanted to extend their power in the east in Asia influenced by the Open-Door notes by John Hayes. Also, Japanese officials had come to President Roosevelt in secret for help because they were out of men and money and didn't want Russia to know, so there was a peace meeting between the superiors in Japan and Russia with President Roosevelt in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on Roosevelt's yacht.

2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
Many people thought that it was the best thing for America to build a canal cutting across Central America and that we needed it. In a treaty called the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) Britain gave up their share to America so the U.S. could build this canal with full control and rights to it. Then in 1903 the French convinced America and the congressmen to buy the French company's route which was through Panama for $40 million. Next America tried negotiating with Columbia, then the ruler of Panama, and Bunau-Varilla helped the U.S. by starting a rebellion against Columbia. When Panama won the U.S. was there and they negotiated that the U.S. pay Panama $10 million plus $250,000 each year which would begin in 1913.


3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the U.S. would be using force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.

4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
Taft used the Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Corollary on Nicaragua by 'forcing' Nicaragua to pay its debts and allowing the American bankers to collect the customs duties in Nicaragua, this helped to keep foreign nations out of Latin America. American didn't want the Latin American countries not paying their debts or whatever they owed because that would mean that foreign nations could intervene, but America wanted to be the only power in Latin America.

5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
Woodrow Wilson invaded Mexico because at first when Huerta came into reign after Madero, who was murdered right after his reign and was a good friend to the U.S., it angered Wilson. After that, Wilson waited and watched for an opportunity to intervene in Mexico, and it came when one of Huerta's officers arrested a group of American sailors off the eastern shore but they were immediately released after realizing the mistake but Wilson took this as the opportunity to intervene. Then when Carranza was ruling Mexico Villa, who was against Carranza, killed 17 Americans in New Mexico and took Americans off a train going to work in mines who were invited by Carranza and shot them which turned Americans against him and accused Villa of everything that had happened to the Americans. So Wilson sent 15,000 troops led by General John J. Pershing and later sent 150,000 more troops to capture Villa alive or dead after Villa had been escaping Pershing for a while.

6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
One major foreign policy goal achieved by the U.S. was that it was able to expand its access to foreign markets in order to ensure the continued growth of the domestic economy. For example, after making peace between Russia and Japan the U.S> was still able to trade in the Asian markets. Another major foreign policy goal that was achieved was that the U.S. had built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad. They had sent a navy to Panama right after they won independence and it got them land to build a canal in Panama. Lastly, the U.S. had exercised its interntational police power to ensure dominance in Latin America. This was shown by the Roosevelt Corollary which said the U.S. could force or put international police in Latin America to protect its interests so foreign countries could not intervene.

Imperialism's Bitter Fruit

1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?

Fighting broke out between American and Filipino forces because the Filipinos thought that they would have independence after the Spanish left but U.S. troops stayed there to 'establish control' and it was ordered by the U.S. Also, before the treaty was even passed an American soldier had fired on a Filipino who had refused to stop which had started fighting around the Manila area. The Filipinos thought that they were fighting for their independence which was why they fought against Americans in the Philippines having heard of that incident and knowing that they weren't granted their independence.

b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?

This was a different kind of warfare for American forces by the Filipino forces being a quick-striking guerilla movement. The U.S. was used to organized armies, but in this war the common rules for their 'normal' wars was completely ignored by the Filipino forces. Also, it was hard for American troops to tell the difference from Filipino insurgents and just regular citizens because they made themselves blend in with everyone else or they just didn't have any uniforms and etcetera. On both sides, both the Filipino and American forces, were torturing and executing their prisoners.


2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?

Many African-Americans were strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists because they were just as badly discriminated against as were at home in America. They couldn't go in barber shops, restaurants, and etcetera that were labeled as "whites only." Although, the War Department had appointed African-American officers to command the volunteers, but the white troops and commanders saw the Filipinos and African-Americans as just the same (they were below the whites).

3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.

a. The many questions pertaining to the Filipinos that had to do with their rights and being able to be protected or not under the constitution which eventually turned out to be that they weren't.

b.Everyone, like President Roosevelt, started realizing the difficulties of ruling an empire and that they weren't "prepared to accept the burdens of empire." When they realized the difficulties they became less and less interested and eventually gave more and more power to the Filipinos while the U.S. got less and less power from giving its power over to them.


4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?

The positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba were being able to extending our industrial inventions and etc. on the islands, watch over Cuba's foreign trade and etc., and we profited from Cuba's sugar plantations. In Puerto Rico the U.S. built roads, telegraph lines, reorganized finances, schools opened, sanitation improved, and stopped yellow fever from spreading. Also, the U.S. made a policy that revolved around keeping American business safe and secured their interests in the Caribbean.


5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:

a. America could use their veto power to intervene on the Cuban foreign policy


b.could intervene in Cuba whenever it was necessary "for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty"


c.could oversee Cuba's economy


d.and were allowed to build a naval base on the southeastern tip of the island in Guantanamo Bay.

Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.

I believe that the United States was not justified in making these demands. The U.S. had no right to keep their hold on Cuba, they didn't want them there. We should just be concerned in what is going on in our country not others, they should've just focused, if anything foreign, on foreign trade and keeping the exports selling and imports coming. We didn't need "extra baggage" to take care of when they can do it themselves. We should've focused on the people, like their working conditions, the cities and their drainage problems and stuff like that which is much more important for the U.S.


6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?

I believe that the United States was and attempted at being imperialist. They had got theses foreign lands and failed at trying to control them. They were imperialists because of their attempt at trying to control Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. Then after they lost interest and for some lost control, like the Philippines, they were no longer an imperialistic country or power. Also, in the beginning (before the Spanish-American War) many people began having imperialistic ideas and they took over what America 'wanted.' Then soon they got themselves involved and their empire was on, though they never made it to becoming an empire.

Spanish-American War

1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.

Some connections the U.S. had with Cuba in the late 1800s were the sugar industry and the depression of 1893 effecting their economies. The U.S. removed the tariffs on the sugar from Cuba that entered their market which made it less expensive to buy sugar in the U.S., which boosted the Cuban economy and American investors on the island. Also, the depression of 1893 effected both Cuba's and America's economies. The depression pressured the U.S. to cut back on imports and to try to protect their sugar inestors on Cuba. It also made the Cubans become to rebel, again, against Spain.

2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?

They were the towns were the "peasants" were held so they couldn't help the rebels in any way, and the camps were filled with disease, there was starvation, inadequate food, housing, and sanitation which made many people die. The "peasants" were actually 'herded' there by their governor, Valeriano Weyler, and in the camps they were watched by Spanish troops.


3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. The brutality in the camps made U.S. citizens feel bad for them and that they should help.

b. They were greatly insulted by the Spanish minister's letter and it angered many people

c. They U.S.S. Maine explosion was 'blown' out of proportion and newspapers blamed the Spanish which the public believed and agreed with them.


4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?

I believe that the brutality in the camps against the "peasant" Cubans was the most important reason because the tactics of General Maximo Gomez and Spain were horrible, the "peasants" or citizens of Spain shouldn't be put inton camps just because Spain didn't want them helping the rebels. They, Spain and General Gomez, went way across the line in trying to keep their hold on Cuba. For that reason the United States had a perfect reason to intervene and go to war against Spain. Also, America went through almost the same thing with their independence from Britain they should look at this as an addition to independent countries and to still prove that the U.S. is powerful.

5. What did the Teller Amendment say?

The Teller Amendment said that the U.S. had no interest in "sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control 'over Cuba and promised' to leave the government and control of the island to its people 'once peace was restored.'" Or in other words the United States had no interest in controling Cuba and thought that they should govern themselves but once peace is back in the country. Two problems, though, came with this ammendment (they were told from groups and people). Anti-imperialists saw that there was a larger plan that America was making to make their own empire with the intervention in Cuba, and sugar growers were fearful of the annexation of Cuba because with Cuba they would have no competition in the market.

6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?

A portion of the Spanish-American War was fought in the Philippines because there was a Spanish base there in Manila and the U.S. were already in there before the war was even declared so they easily took control which spiked pride in the U.S. Also, they could expand its foreign territories and push Spain furthur away.


7. Dewey’s victory in the _PHILIPPINES_ sparked an outpouring of _PRIDE_ in the United States.

8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?

They wanted to fight in Cuba because they were being very patriotic and confident that they could win. They were the typical white Americans whom were proud of their country and the group was just made up of the 'best' in the country which made them very confident.


9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?

Many African-Americans were eager to serve in the war because they saw it as an opportunity to raise their status in the U.S., could win them respect in the community, and help take out the discrimination towards them.


b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?

One was that they were denied promotions to be officer corps and at first were rejected by all but three states for even volunteering to participate in the war. Also, only one of the four all African-American regiments were sent to fight which was the regiment from Massachusetts, and although their bravery was known their uniforms didn't make the discriminations against them any better; they still faced the same discrimination.

10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.

Racism influence perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines by the U.S. believing that they weren't capable of governing themselves. They saw the Spanish as backward and cruel. Also, the U.S. put themselves as superior over everyone else (meaning the African-Americans, Chinese, Cubans, and etcetera)which made their racism overtake their perceptions of these countries.

a. One example is the negotiation over the future of Cuba. The U.S. completely ignored the Cubans saying that since they were black they weren't capable of making their own government, and from the Teller Ammendment they thought that they should occupy them until they have a government and etcetera.

b. Another example is the negotiations over the Philippines. Not many Americans knew what they were like and the newspapers made cartoons of them that made them look like junglemen and the skin of African-Americans; even President Taft called them "little brown brothers" which made the white Americans believe that the Philipinos also couldn't govern themselves but the African-Americans were greatly for them.

Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power

1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?

American plantation owner's and U.S. Marines toppled Hawaii's queen in 1893 because Hawaii was very valuable to the United States. It was very valuable because it was in the middle of the Pacific Ocean which would and did make a crucial stop for ships en route to East Asia. Also, the soil enriched from the volcanoes made it perfect for growing sugar, pineapple, and coffee. President Grover Cleveland's reaction to the topple of Hawaii's queen and the annexation of Hawaii was complete disagreement. He said that we should only take over a nation (or country or what evey it may be) that it be because they need help. Also, he said that if we come to help them when they need it than it makes the U.S. look good and they end up liking us which helps us take over them. I disagree with his quote because if a nation like the U.S. wants to take over and has the power sure go ahead and take over, but only if the state in return approves of it. Also, I think that any nation that is capable to run itself than we have no need to interfere or even forcibly take over.

2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?

One important change that transformed America in the nineteenth century was immigration. Immigration affected Americans by broadening the ethnic diversity in America, and they all leaned towards living in the cities in America (such as Boston and New York City) which made the cities crowded and harder to find jobs in the cities and there became problems in the cities such as crime and sanitation. Also, urbanization, from the influx of immigrants into the U.S., helped to transform America. It affected Americans by making it harder for them to find jobs, and some were afraid that the immigrants would take their jobs from them because they would accept lower wages. Agricultural began to fall from the U.S. which helped to transform it. More and more people took jobs that directly or indirectly worked with the land, and soon manufacturing took over agriculture as the leading source of the nation's wealth. As manufacturing took over the people relied more on the new inventions that occurred during this time. For example, when machines made it easier to make railroads and railroads were being built up like bunnies have baby bunnies farmers then relied on the railroads to transfer their goods to sell them. Also, the native-born Americans saw the immigrants as a threat to their success and progress in the U.S. become stalled because they thought that the new immigrants weren't capable of working industriously and weren't as smart as they should be (like the native-born Americans). Another transormation in the U.S. during the nineteenth century was the needed labor in the industries. The industries in America needed laborers in their factories and etcetera to make them profitable and get work done in them, and the affect of needed labores to the people was that it changed the American values, which they didn't want. Fourthly, international trade greatly transformed the U.S. It became significant in the U.S. economy because european nations and others wanted their goods and made the U.S. great profits. In turn it made Americans happier because it made them and the U.S. more successful and powerful. Also, advances in transportation and machine-assisted farming increased the amount of agricultural exports, which made American manufacturers compete in the international market. Soon big businesses gained political power and the small farmers began to dwindle in existance in politics. This greatly affected Americans; as big businesses got more power the middle-classes and lower-classes began to have no voice in politics because the big businesses (which mainly consisted of first-classes and part of middle-class) began to take over in politics.

3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?

The economic depression that began in 1893 deepened the divisions in American society by making everybody worry about something. For example, the city dwellers worried about insercurity, the laborers worried about losing their jobs, the plantation owners worried about losing profits, and farmers became more poor because of the even more decrease of income. The groups that suffered the most during the depression were the city dwellers, laborers, and farmers. The city dwellers found it hard to find jobs, while the laborers were fighting to keep their job(s), and the farmers became more and more poor.

4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?

The values that many American attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism. Many American feared that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character because they believed that it would put their values in jeopardy. When the American economy began to dwindle they became fearful that the nation would no longer progress; without the progress their values would slowly die and they definitely did not want that to happen because then there wouldn't be "civilization" in America. They would no longer be able to prosper and spread their 'civilness' to other nations, they wanted to have power and without any more expansion they couldn't have more power or attain their duty in civlizing others.

5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?

Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because they had fears of the United States' future, like the fear about the changing American character and the belief in American power. Most Americans feared that the nation's economic growth would stall and they didn't want that, they wanted to keep getting better and progressing.

6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?

Expansionists said that the best way to ensure the economic success of the United States would be to put a more aggressive approach towards dealing with other nations. They believed that foreign (or overseas) expansion would continue to make the economic growth in the U.S., the foreign nations would be potentially great consumers in the American market and manufacturing businesses. Also, they saw European and Japanese nations were forcing on China rules that would set standards on the Chinese trade; so America became afraid of not being able to or ever accessing the Chinese market. Imperialists said that making an empire overseas would secure export markets, raw materials, and cheap labor; and that their stragedy was essential in making America's role in the world more prominant and known. Also, they believed that expanding overseas was part of their manifest destiny.

7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?

The followers of Darwin took "survival of the fittest" to the extreme and called it social Darwinism. They took it that they could be and are the fittest thus if they took over other nations they would be superior while the others would "die off," which supported the cause of American imperialism by saying that they could rule and have a great empire easily by taking over foreign nations. Also, they believed that they (like the Anglo-saxons) were more fit to rule and have more power than the other 'lower' races. Also, scientists said that Germans and Europeans were the highest in intelligence and energy while Africa, the U.S., and everywhere else were the "lowest levels of humankind" which was known as scientific racism. The pseudo-scientific theories were used to justify racist policies and imperialism by convincing many people, including Americans, that it was their destiny to rule and that the 'lowers' shouldn't rule they weren't 'intelligent' enough. The pseudo-scientific theories are not completely used today against all races and ethnicities. For example, African-Americans and other immigrants like the Chines aren't seem as less intelligent anymore, but now that there's a war in Iraq the U.S. government and some people believe that the Iraqians and the others around there need help from us. Implying that they can't hold power by themselves, they need more 'intelligent' people like the U.S. to help them hold power or we'll just hold it for them.

8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?

Many Protestant churches said that America's role in the world was to also expand overseas so they could "civilize" everyone besides the Anglo-Saxons. Also, some Protestant churches saw that it was God's plan for the human race to civilize each other. Then some said that after America's expansion in the entire world there would be peace everywhere. Another saying, some said that it was the nation's duty to civilize the other nations so that they could ensure civilization and so export markets could "spread properly."

9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.

The United States became involved in several Latin Americna nations in the nineteenth century because they wanted to expand overseas, become more economic in the exporting market, and to "civilize" some nations. The United States became involved in Samoa because they were interested in the land for themselves like for ship refueling stations, farming, and expansion (more power). Then Germany and Britain tried to get land in Samoa which made America compete and then finally agree to share parts of the land; Britain adn Germany ended up getting some land in Samoa in a partition. The U.S. also became involved in Hawaii because of its' location in the Pacific Ocean and the volcanic rich soil that was great for sugar, pineapple, and coffee plantations. Also, the U.S. was afraid of Japanese control in Hawaii, they may not be able to access their naval base at Pearl Harbor. Also, the U.S. had interest in Venezuela because it had gold and was being 'bullied' by Britain; the U.S. then feared that if Britain took control of Venezuela and dug up the land it would interfere with U.S. foreign trade. The U.S. also got involved with Chile and the Brazilian revolution and Nicaragua because they didn't want their future plans of building a canal in Nicaragua to be canceled because of them.

10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?

The United States was concerned about British involvement in Venezuaela because they didn't like the fact that Britain was supposidly "bullying" Venezuela, and if Britain got control of the land and dug it up, like in Africa, looking for gold it could impede their foreign export trading and expanding America's personal ties with other Latin American countries. U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoked the Monroe Doctrine, in response to the events in Venezuela, that was supposed to "prevent Britain from taking any furthur steps."

Spanish-American War (1898)

Directions: As you read about the Spanish-American War, write notes to answer the questions about its causes and effects.

Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?

1. American business owners-were interested in Cuba because it was so close to Florida and they coud get great benificial profits from it, the Americans said they were interested and then Spain responded by saying something like they'd rather Cuba drown than be owned by the U.S.

2. José Martí-he organized revolts that destroyed American sugar plantations to provoke the Americans, and then the Americans were split on wether to help Spain or the Cubans.

3. Valeriano Weyler-is a general of Spain, sent to Cuba to restore order, his attempt at restoring order was to send the population of central and western Cuba into barbed wire concentration camps, newspaper headlines in America were writing crazily about these concentration camps.

4. Yellow journalism-is the style of writing that the journalists use that exaggerated the true stories of the concentration camps and what Spain was doing, for example they said that children were thrown in the water to sharks, which made Americans more sympathetic towards the rebels.

5. De Lôme letter-the minister of Spain (Enrique Dupuy de Lome) wrote a letter and a Cuban took it from the post office and gave it to a newspaper company, the U.S. saw the letter which insulted President McKinley (it called him "weak") and the U.S. grew furious at Spain for insulting them.

6. U.S.S. Maine-went to Cuba to retrieve American citizens so they'd be safe and protected (ordered by President McKinley after the De Lome letter), and in the harbor the ship blew up (1898), and then newspapers blamed Spain for purposely blowing up the ship and asked for the capture of the terrorist with a reward if captured.


Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?

7. Cuba-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice

8. Puerto Rico-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice

9. Guam-handed over to the U.S. from Spain after the armistice and when they were in Paris making a treaty

10. Philippine Islands-sold to America for $20 million from Spain after the armistice and in the making of the treaty while in Paris, treaty was called the Treaty of Paris and was a great debate because some people weren't sure if the U.S. was allowed to annex the Philippines Islands, but Congress passed the Treaty of Paris and all of the above nations were added to the U.S. dominion. Also, a question raised was wether or not the annexation went against the Decleration of Independence for allowing a newly added nation to self-govern.

U.S. Imperialism Begins

1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
a.)desire for military strength
b.)thirst for new markets
c.)belief in cultural superiority

2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The United States saw the other countries such as Europe capture and control other countries by force from their military; the U.S. wanted to expand their nation and followed the trend of foreign countries so they built up a stronger military lead by leaders such as Alfred T. Mahan.
The U.S. wanted new markets because all of the products being made from the factories were 'over-boiling,' they needed a way to sell these products and concluded that if other nations bought their products there would be less unemployment and economic depression.

3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" because in 1867 William Seward, who was the Secretary of State under the presidents Lincoln and Johnson. He proposed to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, but the House of Representatives said no. In the end though they did buy Alaska for two cents an acre and what do you know the land was full of timber, oil, and minerals which could all have greatly improved the nation's economy.

4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar plantations accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century and was controled by plantation owners that had Japanese, Portuguese, and Chinese laborers.

6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The United States wanted the Pacific Islands because it had the best port, Pearl Habor, for American ships to refuel and its sugar plantations would be momentous in the United States recieving more money. First, the U.S. forced Hawaii to allow them to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor which gave the U.S. some control of Hawaii. Then the U.S. helped the business groups overthrow the revolution organized by Queen Liliuokalani, and President Cleveland said that the Queen should restore her thrown but Sanford B. Dole wouldn't surrender. After that, President Cleveland recognized Hawaii as a Republic, and he let the people of Hawaii decide weither or not they wanted to be annexed into the United States. Finally, after Cleveland's presidency William McKinley had his turn and he favored annexation. So in 1897 he annexed Hawaii as the 50th state in the U.S. without a single vote from the Hawaiians.

Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson

1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
William Howard Taft had gotten selected to run for president because the previous president, President Roosevelt, had hand selected him to run for president, he basically nominated Taft himself. Taft and the Republicans won an easy victory under the slogan "Vote for Taft this time, you can vote for Bryan any time." Also, Taft was the Secretary of War during Roosevelt's presidency so Roosevelt knew about Taft and thought that he would cary on his ideas.

2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Taft wasn't expanding Roosevelt's reforms instead he was hesitant towards everything, every obstacle that he faced; Taft even admitted to Roosevelt that he didn't feel like a president. Also, after Taft's presidency and the next election came he ran against Roosevelt, Wilson, and Debs; during the campaigning both Taft and Roosevelt gibed at each other and even Wilson agreed that it turned nasty, he was smart to stay out of it.

3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
During Taft's presidency he completely fell flat, for example he made tariffs that angered many people and he fired Ballinger, who was part of the U.S. Forest Service, because Ballinger spoke against Taft's action in taking away one million acres of land. Also, the refute between Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party, and the overall fighting help Wilson win the election in 1912. Lastly, Wilson had the same ideas of Roosevelt but a different way of putting them into action which helped make him more appealing to the public than Roosevelt.

4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson used the power of being president to pass acts, he helped pass the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) and the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). The Clayton Act prohibited companies from buying stocks from another if their intentions were to make a monopoly. The Federal Trade Commission Act made the FTC, also known as the Federal Trade Commission. Their job was to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from the corporations, and to put an end to many unfair business traditions. These acts greatly helped end the monopolies and was a very affective attack against the trusts and monopolies.

5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment was added to the constitution in 1919 and it allowed women the right to vote, after their hard struggles for their suffrage and then the entry in World War I it was given that the women would finally have the right to vote.

6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
The Americans and legislators were very distracted by the war and let the progressive movement go to a standstill. Also, during Wilson's second presidency the war completely dominated his time as president which also helped stall the reform movement, and then the progressive movement stopped.

Child Labor Reform Photographs

Objective Assessment


As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.

Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?

Subjective Assessment


What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.


Photograph A

The girl in pigtale brades looks fearful and works at a cotton mill, she is small and the mill looks dirty. There's dirt on the window-sills and the air looks dirty; like it's filled with the dust of the cotton and etcetera. One question I have about this photo is what is the girls' specific job at the mill. I can conquer that she is probably really tired and sad. I can say that the lives of the children working in this mill is unhealthy; most of them probably don't know their age as said in Hine's notes, they probably don't have a big educational background, and they are probably always tired and have serious injuries.

Photograph B

There are five young girls standing in a row. Their clothes are dirty, they look tired and angry, their hair is messy, and their posture is hunched but on the brighter side they're outside in the fresh air. One question I have is how many other children are there, what do they do, and how are they treated? I can assume that they are very tired, work with something that is heavy and makes their backs hunched, and they are friends in the factory.

Photograph C

There's one little girl with no shoes and is standing in between two cotton-weaving machines, and there's cotton all over the place on the floor and she has just a blank expession on One question I have is why is she there and just standing in the middle of the two machines? I think that the children working at this factory are just looked over, trying to get money so they can eat, and probably get injured a lot as well. When I said looked over I mean that the adult workers wont think of anything when a child just walks in and starts working, they don't find it odd or question why they may be there.

Photograph D

The boy looks cold, scared, and shy. There's people just walking by him not thinking anythign of it, possibly it's normal to them. He's sitting on a light post and it's right by the street so the fumes and chance of getting hit by cars could and probably did hurt the boy. Why are people just walking by him and not doing anything? I assume that the boy hates his job, that he's very cold and sad, and that the other boys that have the same job don't get a lot of customers so its hard for them to get payed because they may not make their 'quota.'

Photograph E

In this photograph there's many boys sitting down in an area where the air is very dirty and crowded and in a small area. There all sitting down shoveling something possibly coal. I wonder how long they have to work and how dirty the air really is, like if they could get lung cancer. I assume that the boys don't like their job at all they're dirty and sad and tired and there's people there watching them do their job and would jurt them. So their conditions there were horrible they were beaten sore and sad.

Photograph F

There are boys all over the place doing all sorts of things and pipes hanging down and everywhere. It is very dark and you can't really see what's on the ground. I wonder how long they have to work, since the captian says it's 9 p.m. I wonder if they work longer after that. The boys probably get scolded and beaten if they do something wrong to the glass and they probably work really long hours. Also, they probably get many injuries like from hitting their head on the pipes or cutting themselves with glasss.

Photograph G

There's many people standing over a train conveyor belt that are all sorts of ages, there's light bulbs, and the children are standing on some sort of trash in a pile so they can reach the top of the train car. I wonder what that little boy is doing there even though he's so little, he looks like he's not doing anything like there with his mother. I assume that the adults in the factory think its normal to have children working by their sides and they may be competing against each other because they could be payed by how many clams they shuck so the children could be discriminated against because the adults want to earn more and the children are taken advantaged of.

Photograph H

There's a bunch of boys and girls going to the door, in a line, and the girls have scarves over their heads. The building looks shabby and dirty. I wonder what they're going to do there, like what's their job. I assume that it's at night and that they work at night in small rooms, there's probably stuff that gets in their hair and that's why the girls are wearing scarves over their heads. Also, they probably get injuries from something like the equipment or the head masters.

TR's Square Deal

1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?

He thought that the government should take control of states' problems when the states themselves couldn't deal with them. Also, he started to do his hobbies, such as boxing, in the white house. The Roosevelt administration also made "various progressive reforms" which came to be known as the Square Deal.

2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?

After Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike the people started to expect the federal government to intervene whenever there was a strike because they saw how peacefully and orginized a settlement can be between the workers and employeers; that's what set the precedent for federal arbitration.

3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?

For the trusts Roosevelt filed forty-four suits and won some and broke up some trusts, but that still didn't slow the merger movement in business. Roosevelt helped pass the Elkins act which made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to recieve rebates for using particular railroads, and it also said that the railroads couldn't change their rates without notifying the public.

4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?

The Meat Inspection Act passed during Roosevelt's presideny that protected citizens from uncleansiness in the factories and from bad meat. The act made the workers in the meat factories and the factories be as clean as a whistle, and the meat had to be inspected so it didn't contain any diseases and etcetera.

5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?

Roosevelt preserved 148 million acres of forest reserve, 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land, and established more that 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks. He did this though partially to make areas of dry soil to be able to be apart of agriculture.

Urbanization

1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the growth of cities. After the technological boom immigrants from all over the place influxed into mostly the Northeast and Midwest, and resulted in a rapid urbanization. As the immigrants came in they moved to the cities and they became overcrowded. They came to the cities because it was cheaper to live and easier to find a job or jobs; especially if they were unskilled they could work in the factories.


2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Many Americans moved from the country to the cities because of the inventions in farming, such as the McCormick reaper, laborers working on farms were no longer needed and laid off so they went to the cities for industrial work and it was cheaper in the cities to live.


3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
The housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced were crowded housing, poor ventillation in the home, transportation, dirty water, and bad hygeinic issues in the cities. The homes in cities were first meant for a single family but the immigrants squeezed in three families. Then the city government tried to make ventillation in the homes by putting a small window in them, but the people would put their garbage in the windows because they had no other place to put it. The cities weren't capable of replacing old transportation, like electric subways in Boston. Some homes couldn't get plumbing for water so they would have to go to faucets out in the streets and even the people that did have plumbing it wasn't very sufficient. Lastly, there was very bad sanitation in the cities. The people would put their raw sewage in the gutters, horse manure was piled in the streets, factories put hazardous smoke into the air, and garbage was just put in the streets. Eventually there became paid "scavengers" that would sweep the streets, pick up garbage, and clean outhouses but they never did their job properly.

Immigration

1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

The immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans was caused by the idea of having a "better life" in America. There were more opportunities in America for all immigrants. Also, Europe became over populated so the immigrants knew they could be more successful in America. Farming land was scarce in Europe, too. The Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese came to America also because of the opportunities. They thought they could have a better life in America. Also, they emigrated from their homelands becaue they were afraid of religious and social prosecution. Over all, the main cause of the immigration from these countries was because of the chance of a better life and the opportunities.

2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.

Immigrants coming to America from over the Atlantic Ocean, like the Europeans, would have to endure a week long trip over the ocean. Eventually there became a immigration stop at Ellis Island in New York Harbor. All they had to do was pass a physical examination by a doctor and an inspector checked documents and questioned them. They had questions like if they were ever convicted of a crime, had to demonstrate if they could work, and had to show if they had some money. The immigrants,the Asians, coming over on a three week trip across the Pacific Ocean also had to stop at an immigration place called Angel Island in the Sanfrancisco Bay. They had to take and be examined more meticulously. They had harder questions and it took longer to be admitted, and their holding buildings were filthy and poorly built. After they were admitted they had the difficulties of finding a place to live, a job, and understanding and coping with the new culture and language.

Labor Unions & Big Business

the Knights of Labor

a. founded by Philadelphia garment cutters (in 1860), Terence V. Powderly (in 1879) was elected as grand master (he was a machinist and the former mayor of Scranton, PA), the organization welcomed women, African-Americans, immigrants, and unskilled and semiskilled workers to join

b. they believed that tehy ecould eliminate conflict by establishing a cooperative society in which laborers worker for themselves, not for those who possessed capital, technological and organizational changes were making it impossible to reach their goals, they saw producer and consumer cooperatives as preferable to the forces of greeed that surrounded them, they concluded that a society in which all groups lived cooperatively was achievable (this view gave organization strength and weakness; one weakness was the cooperative idea gave laborers little bargaining power), the organization opposed strikes because it tended to divert attention from the long term goal and workers usually lost more than win strikes, they began to campaign for an eight hour workday so they could create more jobs and reduce the unemployment

the Haymarket riot

a. On May 1st 1886 mass strikes in Chicago arrose like in front of the McCormick reaper factory, two days later police stormed area near reaper factory and broke up a battle between unionists and nonunion strikebreakers (police shot and killed two unionists and wounded some others), later labor groups rallied at the Haymarket Square to protest police brutality (a bomb exploded near the polices' front ranks, then huge arrests of anarchists and unionists followed, eight anarchists were tried and convicted but the Illinois governor John Altgekd was able to free one after some died and one committed suicide he thought that they were victims of the court)

b. the bombing brought attentio to the growing discomfort of labor and revived middle-class fear of radicalism, it was the result of the police brutality and the whole entire event was because of the unfairness to the workers/laborers.

the American Federation of Labor

a. in 1886, it was an alliance of national craft unions, the members were mostly skilled native-born workers, it was led by Samuel Gompers, they avoided the idealistic rhetoric of worker solidarity to press for concrete goals (higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively), it accepted industrialism and worked to improve conditions within the wage-and-hours system, it required constituent unions to hire organizers to expand membership (it collected dues for a fund to iad members on strike), and the organization avoided party politics.

b. It was the cause of other organizations/unions that allowed members to be unskilled or semiskilled, it emerged from the upheavels of the major workers' organization.

Samuel Gompers

a. he's the leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and is a pragmatic and opportunistic immigrant who also leaded the Cigar Makers' Union, he made the AFL grow from one million members in 1901 to two and a half million in 1917 (it represented one hundred eleven national unions and twenty-seven thousand local unions), the organization listened and followed under his dictum to support labor's friends and oppose its enemies regardless of party.

b. in result of labor violence the AFL suffered serious setbacks, hisb leadership and organization lead to other unions and leaders that either shared or greatly disagreed with the AFL's goals and etcetera.

the Homestead strike

a. in July 1892, the AFL and Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers refused to accept pay cuts and went on strike in Homestead Pennsylvania, Henry Frick was the president of the Carnegie Steel Company

b. As a result of the riot Frick hired three hundred Pinkerton guards and floated them across by barge at night, in result of Frick's actions there were angry workers waiting on the Mohongahela River shore that attacked and routed the guards, and then state militia were summoned but after five months the strikers gave in, also an attempt of killing Frick by a young anarchist who wasn't a striker resulted in the change in public opinion turning against strikes.

the Pullman strike

a. Occurred in 1894, George Pullman and his workers, his workers were upset about how he ran the town (which he controled and tried to make 'luxurious' for the workers), Pullman would negotiate with the worker and he would reduce their wages but still keep all the store prices and etc. the same price, the strikers gave in within a month.

b. Strike was result of Pullman's town, actions, and rules, the workers sent a committee to Pullman to protest his policies (and resulting in him firing three committee members), which caused the very angry workers by then to call on a strike, which caused Pullman to close the plant resulting in the aid for the workers led by Eugene V. Debs who refused to handle all of Pullman's cars, then Pullman got help from U.S. Attorney General Richard Olney who obtained a court injunction to prevent the union from striking and etc.

Eugene V. Debs

a. leader if the union that participated in the Pullman Strike, he was a young, charismatic organizer, who voted to iad the strikers by refusing to handle any of Pullman's cars, he was jailed for defying the court injunction, the Supreme Court upheld Debs's six-month prison sentence on grounds that the federal government had the power to remove obstacles to interstate commerce.

b. he was thrown in jail because of his actions against Pullman and in helping the workers strike and he's a good example of how out of control and aggresive the strikes were getting, and after him and the Pullman Strike there were still more to come.

the Industrial Workers of the World

a. Established in 1905, strove to unify all laborers including unskilled workers, their motto was "An injury to one is an injury to all", their goal was "one big union", they were also known as the Wobblies, they went beyond goals of the Knights and espoused socialism and tactics of violence and sabotage, they believed that workers should seize and run the nation's industries, a series of strikes were led by "Mother" Jones (an Illinois coalfield union organizer) Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (who was a fiery orator that was also known as "Joan of Arc") and William D. Haywood (called "Big Bill" who was a one-eyed, brawny man that founded the Western Federation of Miners), the membership population of the organization never exceeded over one hundred fifty thousand, the organization faded during World War I when federal prosecution and persecution sent many of its leaders to jail.

b. The organization was made because of the other unions and organizations, they however had different tactics and reasons and etcetera than the other organizations, their violence and sabotage tactics scared the people and thats why many were jailed.

Andrew Carnegie-was one of the first individuals to rise from rags to riches by purchasing stock because he was the private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad and one day untangled a huge mess with the freight and passenger trains. He founded the Carnegie Steel Company.

Social Darwinism-is a philosophy based on Darwin's theory of Evolution,and Herbert Spencer wrote a book about social darwinism saying that the market place should not be regulated and that it should not be tampered with or changed by anyone.

John D. Rockefeller-established the Standard Oil Company,took a different approach to mergers and made trusting agreements with competing companies. He used a trust to gain total control of America's oil industry. Also, he sold his oil less than other companies, payed workers low rates, and when had control boosted the prices of oil.

Sherman Antitrust Act-was passed in 1890 and made it illegal to form trusts that interefered with free trade betweem states and other countries.

Samuel Gompers-leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union joining other craft unions, which were skilled workers from one or more trade, in 1886. President of the AFL.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)-they focused on collective bargaining to make agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions between countries. Used strikes as a major tactic while the craft unions used it as a last resort.

Eugene V. Debs-began when an attempt at making an industrial union that included skilled and unskilled workers, they formed the American Railway Union, they won a strike for higher wages in 1894, it failed but added to the momentom of union organization.

Industrial Workers of the World-formed in 1905 in Chicago also known as the Wobblies, headed by William Haywood, the union included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers, it welcomed African Americans to join but their members never topped to 100,000, and its only major strick victory occurred in 1912.

Mary Harris Jones-was the most prominant advocate in the women's labor union, she supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America,in 1903 lead 80 mill children with very noticable injuries to President Theodore Roosevelt's home, which influenced the passing of child labor laws.

Railroad Development

The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?

The government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads for many reasons including:the settling of the west and the development of the country. The railroads allowed settlers and the people to move to the west and begin anew or prosper. Many people like the idea of settling west and starting their lives over. With many people settling in the west it helped develop the country by their profits and expansion, or making the country bigger. Also, the railroads helped develop the country. After the railroads were built many towns began to build up making the population and country bigger. The railroads also enabled the country to sell, or market many products from all over the country; in short it made the country profit. With the profits and growing population the country began to prosper and develop. In summary, the government was so eager to promote the growth of railroads because it let the settlers and people know that there was fantastic land to settle into, or it made expansion of the west increase in population, and the promotions of the railroad helped develop the country by making it profit and prosper.

Expansion of Industry

What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.

The three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War were the wealth of natural resources, government support for businesses, and a growing urban population that provided both cheap labor and markets for new products. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped bring about the technological boom.

The wealth of natural resources greatly helped with the technological boom. Edwin L. Drake used the oil in Texas to sell kerosene and eventually gas. He first got the oil by using a steam engine to help drill through the ground. Also, not knowing that gas was useful he just distributed kerosene for kerosene lamps, but when automobiles became popular he was able to distribute the gas as well. The gas distribution increased the number of automobiles being made, which helped bring about the technological boom. The people also became to use oil to make iron and eventually steel. They found out that if they took away carbon and some of the other impurities in iron they could make steel, which was much more useful to make bridges, such as the Brooklyn Bridge, and skyscrapers. The use of steel increased the technological boom by being so useful to build many structures. The wealth of the natural resources helped build up the technological boom, but so did the growing urban population.

The growing urban population helped build up the technological boom. One way, people began to invent things. For example, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. After the light bulb it lead to the development to electricity. The people invented a way to use and make electricity for fans, newspaper pressers, and houses. Also, even after the invention of the light bulb and the development of electricity came more inventions that helped build up the technological boom. The invention of the typewriter and telephone definitely built up the technological boom. Christopher Sholes invented the typewriter, which allowed women to receive and have more jobs and opportunities for jobs. Then Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which opened a worldwide communications network. All the inventions created dramatically helped build up the technological boom.

In conclusion, the wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population exponentially helped build up the technological boom. The wealth of natural resources and the growing urban population helped to make America a better and wealthier country. Also, the technological boom was a momentous part of the fast development of the United States becoming a powerful nation.

Westward Expansion Questions

1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?

One reason is that the White-Americans took over the land in the Great Plains that was promised to the Native Americans. Also, the Native Americans were culture-shocked when they had to be "americaninized". They didn't understand the White-American's culture and were sometimes insulted. Another reason, some Native Americans still didn't want to give up their lands, but the White-Americans thought that since the Native Americans didn't really 'own' their land that they could just go in, take it, and become the owners. The White-Americans also didn't like the Native Americans and vice-versa; the Native Americans didn't like the White-Americans. Lastly, the government also promised to give the Native Americans some of the sales or profits from the land that was sold to settlers in the Great Plains.
Think About:
Native Americans' way of life
Cultural differences
Attitude of whites toward Native Americans
Government promises

2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains?

The government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains were very successful. The idea of giving free land was completely successful, people from everywhere and of every ethnicity went out west and settled. For example, land in Oklahoma was going to be given to settlers for free and before the 'free land' was even posted tons of people claimed two million acres of land, and the state became known as the "Sooner State" because people claimed land before it was even posted. Their goal, however, was not reached because not everyone used their land for farming and cattle farms. Also, the railroad systems plaid a big part because they helped the people settle in the west, to move there. Over all the governments' efforts were very successful because the populations in the Great Plains increased dramatically and the rate of increase was far more than twenty years or more before.

Give examples to support your answer.Think about:
The growth in population on the Great Plains
The role of railroads in the economy
The Homestead Act

Conflict in Iraq Q &A

Directions: Read Part I (Pages 1 - 12) and answer the short answer and extended response questions below. Then, read Part II (Pages 13 - 29) and answer the questions that follow. All answers are due either on your blog (label the post Iraq) or you can submit them in writing on Tuesday. (NOTE: There are two graphic organizers at the end of the readings to help you organize your information for Part II.)

Part I Questions:

Short Response

1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?

Kurds: Northern mountainous region Shi'a: Southeastern Iraq Sunnis: Central region of Iraq

2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'a and Kurds hold power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq.

3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
The main reason they became involved in Iraq was because of the oil-rich land.

4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They advocated greater freedoms and pressed democracy and development.

5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He became the deputy to President Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr in 1968 and he modernized Iraq's economy and carried out social welfare programs.

6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
They became involved in the Iran-Iraq War because Iran stepped up attacks against Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, to improve relations with Iran and the hope that they would secure freedom for U.S. hostages in Lebanon.

7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.

a. they worried about the consequences of controling a completely destabilized Iraq

b. and objected to totally destroying Iraq's retreating army and toppling Saddam Hussein.

Extended Response:

8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?

The different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq include the Kurds, Sunnis, and Shi'a. The Sunnis and Shi'a are two different understandings or as they put it branches in the Islamic religion; also known as the Muslim religion. The major difference between the Sunnis and Shi'a is that after the death of their Prophert in 632 they believed in two different people as the Prophet's descendants. Also, the Sunnis emphasized the aspect of conformity and social stability in their religion; while the Shi'a emphasized equity, social justice, and the dignity of the individual. The Kurds are much different from the Sunnis and Shi'a. They have been fighting for independence and to build up their own country, already named Kurdistan, since the the 1950's and they also live in one of the oil-rich lands. The Shi'a live in the other oil-rich land in the Southeast. It is important to understand these differences because they are an important role in Iraqi politics; many Iraqis feel more connected to their tribe than the state of Iraq.

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Part II Questions:

Short Response

9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.

a. the supposid weapons program Iraq had

b. and the sponsorship of terrorism

10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?

a. to end Saddam Hussein's regime

b. and to uncover the weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.

a. illegal weapons dealers operate throughout the country

b. and in absence of effective government protection many communities are dependent on local militia to protect them

Extended Response:

12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)

Shi'a: they believe that Sunni's are continueing Saddam Hussein's tactics and terrorism, they don't want Sunni minority to control the country again, don't want to be ruled by foreigners, and some groups support division of Iraq into smaller regions.

Sunni: they believe the Shi'a are trying to take control of the country and blame the U.S. for helping them, they don't want to be shut out of government, and they are concerned if the Shi'a were to control the country they would align Iraq with Iran.

Kurd: they are warry of Sunni's political power, the want self determination for Kurdistan, and there's disagreement between smaller groups of Kurds about if they should or shouldn't be apart of Iraq.

al Qaeda: Aims to foster sectarian violence in order to overthrow the Iraqi government, and more radical members seek to establish a caliphate (a single Islamic state that would encompass countries across the region).