United States v. Nixon

The Cover-up

1. Regardless of the outcome, should the President of the United States have a right to privacy in regards to the Oval Office tapes? Explain.

I believe that the President of the United States should not have a right to privacy in regards to the Oval Office tapes. I believe this because if the president were to talk about illegal things how would the FBI know about it without having access to the tapes. The tapes can be something useful to see what the president is up to, whether he or she is doing something illegal or unlawful. The president knows that he or she is being taped anyways so why would he or she talk about things that might be illegal or unlawful when he or she could talk someplace else where it isn't recorded. Since the tape recordings are in the Oval Office the government and all that apply should be able to have the tapes not the president because in the Oval Office he or she talks about all the governmential, financial, and more things concerning the United States. Therefore, the government should be able to see or have the tapes to see that the president is doing what he or she is supposed to be doing.


2. Was President Nixon justified when he fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox? Explain.

President Nixon was not justified when he fired special prosecutor Archibald Cox because the only reason that he fired Cox was to stop him and the court from getting the tapes which would have gotten him impeached. Archibald Cox was determined to get the tapes from President Nixon, however Nixon didn't want to give up the tapes and Cox would have taken them from him. So to keep the possession of the tapes with him he fired Cox, which is kind of like intervening justice because Cox would have gotten the tapes and President Nixon prevented that.

3. Was Nixon creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand-over the tapes? Explain.

Yes President Nixon was creating a Constitutional crisis by refusing to hand-over the tapes. This is true because it made Congress question whether the President had the authority or right to keep the tapes. The Supreme Court knew that the tapes had evidence on it that would impeach the president, however Nixon wouldn't give them up. If they both knew that there was evidence and that the president would be impeached who had the authority to have the tapes? Congress had to decide whether the tapes were owned by the president or if they were the federal government's property. They were divided because it is the president speaking, however the tapes are in the Oval Office which are part of the White House therefore part of the federal government.


Closure

4. Why do you think the American public was so outraged by Watergate?

I think that the American public was so outraged because the President didn't come out and admit to his crime and the fact that the Supreme Court couldn't really do anything to get the tapes because there was nothing in the Constitution saying that they could take them. The President kept denying that he was apart of the burglary and refused to hand-over the tapes, the public then knew that he was hiding something and might've lied that he knew anything about the burglary. In this situation it's similar to a child lying to his parents after breaking a vase or something and the child just gets in even more trouble after he or she lies because the parents are more angry at the fact that he or she lied to them. The America public were probably more outraged at the President because he lied to them.

5. Do you think President Nixon should have resigned? Explain.

I do believe that President Nixon should have resigned because there was no way that he would have won. The Supreme Court had all the evidence they needed to impeach him and there was no way out of him leaving the presidency. Why bother going through the legal processes of impeaching the president when it could be easier to just resign, it'd be a lot faster and possibly people would forget about it quicker. Also, if he resigned he might leave with some pride or dignity rather than being kicked out. Since President Nixon resigned it's kind of like him admitting to his crime and if he didn't he'd be almost saying or lying again that he didn't do which would make him look worse (therefor less dignity).

6. Do you think President Nixon should have been prosecuted? Explain.

Yes, I believe that President Nixon should have been prosecuted because if he wasn't he probably would have been president for the rest of his term and probably would have gotten more power as president. He was the president that pushed a lot of power to the executive branch (president), and if this happened there would have been no way that Congress would've have added an ammendment saying that the president didn't have ownership over the Oval Office tapes nor would they have realized that the President's powers were becoming too much (the president was getting too much power). Since the President was prosecuted Congress realized how much power the president had and that he shouldn't have that much power, plus they were able to deal with sticky issues like what the president has ownership of in the White House.

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall

1. How are the "plumbers" connected to President Nixon?

The "plumbers" or burglars that were hired by President Nixon to break into the DNC, are connected to President Nixon because he paid them about $450,000 to keep them silent and all the photographs or documents they took or photographed were shredded so that there wouldn't be any evidence that they took anything from DNC. Woodward and Bernstein looked into the Watergate burglary while no one else did, so they made the connections with the burglars or Watergate to the President and his administration. For example, they made links to many members of the adminstration to the burglary.

2. Who was the judge? Why did he hand out maximum sentences?

The judge was John Sirica. He handed out maximum sentences because he believed that the burglars didn't act by themselves, that they had outside help.

3. How were Mitchell and Dean connected to Nixon?

Mitchell and Dean were connected to Nixon by Nixon being accused of trying to cover-up the burglary. Nixon "dismissed" Dean from office and replaced Mitchell with Kleindienst, which was seen as an attempt at covering up the scandal by Nixon.

4. How were Haldeman and Erlichman connected to Nixon?

Haldeman and Erlichman were connected to Nixon because he had announced their resignition from the White House, and after President Nixon released the real tapes there were conversations between Nixon and Haldemen (and probably Erlichman) where they discussed strategies for covering up the burglary and scandal.

5. What did the following men tell the Senate about Nixon?

a. Dean told the Senate what the president knew, when he knew it, and that he, the president, and a couple other advisors had a meeting discussing the strategies to continue the deceit.

b. Butterfield told the Senate that President Nixon had taped all of his meetings and discussions, which some were about the deceit and scandal. He also said that the recordings and tapes were made so that it would be easier for President Nixon to write his memoirs.

6. Who was fired or forced to resign in the "massacre"?

Attorney General Richardson and the deputy attorney general resigned after refusing to fire Archibald Cox. Then General Robert Bork finally fired Cox, however Cox's replacement (Leon Jaworski) was just as determined to get the tapes from Nixon.

7. Why weren't investigators satisified with the transcripts?

The investigators weren't satisfied with the transcripts because they were edited and there was one section where about eighteen minutes nobody talked or said anything, it was expunged so that the investigators wouldn't know what Nixon and Haldeman had said. The secretary said that she accidentally deleted them.

8. What did the tapes reveal?

The tapes revealed that President Nixon new about the role of the administrators in the burglary and that he approved the plan to distract or take the investigation away from the FBI. Also, it revealed the eighteen minute conversation between Haldeman and Nixon which ended up disclosing the investigation completely, in other words the investigation and trial came to a conclusion.

9. Why did Vice President Spiro Agnew resign?

Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned because it was revealed that he took bribery from engineering firms while he was the governor of Maryland, and he thought that he'd be impeached because he thought he had no chance in winning the trial. He probably thought this because of the trial and testimonies of Nixon's scandal, he saw that the President was going down in flames and probably wanted to resign or leave with some dignity and didn't want everyone to take the time to go through trials and etcetera when he knew that he would lose.

10. What did the House Judiciary Committee charge President Nixon with?

The House Judiciary Committee charged President Nixon with high crimes and misdameanors. They decided that the president should be impeached because of the scandal, which the crimes and misdameanors of the scandal made the committee discuss and decide wheither or not President Nixon should be impeached. Also, they convicted him with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress for not obeying to release the tapes to Congress after they told him to.

11. How did the Watergate scandal create a constitutional crisis?

The Watergate scandal created a constitutional crisis by Congress having to revisit the constitution. They had to fix how much power the President could have and fix the guidelines for the reasons why a president should be considered or should be impeached.

Women Fight for Equality

1. Experiences in the workplace

-many women didn't have the same jobs or could get the same jobs that men had
-few women had jobs (only about one out of three women worked for wages)
-the women that did have jobs were paid very poorly
-women were rarely promoted to manager type jobs
-the publicly announces facts (the above) made women realize that they should have the same rights or opportunities as men

2. Experiences in social activism

-men lead most of the organization and women were given lesser roles
-when they would protest men would just "brush them aside"
-they had group discussions because they noticed this problem where they talked about their lives and realized that all their problems with discrimination and sexism weren't unique

3. "Consciousness raising"

-these group discussions allowed women to talk about their personal lives and the problems that they were having
-it made them realize that in all of the stories told they all had the same problems: discrimination and sexism

4. Feminism

-was the theory behind the women's movement
-literally it is the belief that women should have the same economic, politcal, and social equality with men
-this theory had great momentum in the mid-1800s and sprung up again in the 1960s because of the political activism

5. Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique

-The Feminine Mystique was spot on when talking about how women felt and it helped "to galvanize women" throughout America
-Betty Friedan helped to create the National Organization for Women (NOW) which pushed for things like child-care help and to get more rights for women, it made women push for rights during the 1960s

6. Civil Rights Act of 1964

-the act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion,gender and created EEOC
-however women saw that the EEOC wasn't forcing enough or pushing enough for women in the work place so it led to the creation of NOW

7. National Organization for Women (NOW)

-was made to pursue women's goals
-pushed for child-care facilities that would enable women to get a better education and work/get a job

8. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine

-Gloria Steinem founded the National Women's Political Caucus, she pushed women to get in a political office
-the Ms. Magazine was partly made by Steinem and it it dealt with contemporary issues in a feminist perspective

9. Congress

-passed the Higher Education Act which banned any discrimination on any educational program or activity recieving financial assisstance
-this led to all male colleges opening to women
-and Congress expanded the powers of EEOC to give working parents a break on tax for child care services
-passed the Equal Right Amendment in 1972 which guaranteed that both men and women would recieve the same rights and protections under law

10. Supreme Court

-they ruled in Roe v. Wade that women have the right to have an abortion in the first three months of pregnancy

11. The Equal rights Amendment would have guaranteed equal rights under the law, regardless of gender. Who opposed this amendment? Why?

The Stop-ERA compaigners, Phyllis Schlafly, religious groups, political organizations, and anti-feminists (all conservatives) opposed the Equal Rights Amendment. They opposed this amendment because they thought that the amendment would lead to "a parade of horribles." They thought that women would be drafted into the army, navy, and etcetera, the end of laws protecting homemakers, the end of husband's responsibility to provide for the family, and same-sex marriages, which they were all against. They thought that if these things happened it would cripple or possibly badly damage America and the way of life. Women would have too many rights where they would be able to take over the things men are supposed to do and possibly exclude men from their lives where they wouldn't be able to have children and therefor stop America's population from growing and becoming powerful. As the platitude "the children are our future" implies, if there were not children then there'd be no one to lead America and make America more powerful.

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

Why did the USA lose the Vietnam War?

The Americans did not lose purely for military reasons. There were other factors as well.

Write an explanation AND cite a source which shows the importance of the following six factors:

1. US military tactics in Vietnam like search-and-destroy, Agent Orange and Napalm, and bombing were all pretty ineffective. All of the tactics made America lose Vietnamese and American support. The search-and-destroy method was ineffective because it destroyed Vietnamese homes and land making the people homeless, and the purpose wasn't even accomplished most of the time. The purpose being to find and destroy Viet Cong members, which in the searh-and-destroy tactic America rarely found anyone. There was nothing good or progressive that came out of this tactic. Also, a few America soldiers had the job of spraying Agent Orange and Napalm, which destroyed all of the farmland and forests, burned or injured citizens including children as seen in Source 42. This was ineffective as well because it turned support against America, lead to serious health problems, and destroyed an insermountable amount of land; which was vital for the citizens way of living. Lastly, bombing was ineffective because again it turned support against America, just slowed the Viet Cong and communists down, and destroyed many homes and land. The people didn't like being bombed on, it made some homeless and if their land was destroyed there was no way that they could earn money to buy food and support a family if they had one. More importantly, the bombing tactic on the Minh Trail and railroad just slowed the Viet Cong and communists down. After the bombing raid the people would go straight to work in fixing the railroad, so the supplies still came but just took longer.

2. The unpopularity of the South Vietnamese regime was also a major reason why America 'lost' the war. The United States supported Ngo Dinh Diem, who was extremely corrupt. Budhist priests would protest by lighting themselves on fire in public, as shown in Source 33. However, America kept on supporting Diem because he was greatly against communism, would kick them out without even thinking about it, and he was the only person that America knew that could possibly beat the communists. Things got so out of control and corrupt with Diem that even his own military asked permission from the CIA to kill or get rid of Diem, and America allowed it. This lead to a lot of loss of support from the South Vietnamese, and the US didn't want Vietnam to go communists so they continued to support non-communist South Vietnam and physically help too.

3. The experience of the Viet Cong and the inexperience of the American soldiers was a major factor for America losing the war. The Viet Cong were fighting on their own land while America came to Vietnam having no idea what the climate, geography, and etcetera were like; they might have had a general idea but not so much that would give them some advantage. The Viet Cong took advantage of being at their homeland and used Guerilla tactics to fight the Americans, as seen in Source 37. They would pop out of the forests and go back in and hide, Americans didn't know how to find them or just couldn't find them which made them scared and less hopeful that they could win the war.

4. Domestic opposition to the war in the U.S. made America think about why they were in the Vietnam War. When Americans saw photos of the My Lai Massacre like in Source 50 they saw how out of control things were getting in Vietnam. After the massacre people began to protest against war, and the President and government held a meeting and press conference discussing the reasons why America was in Vietnam. Many Americans saw no reason for America being in Vietnam and wanted the war to end and America to get out; the protests were effective in making the President look into the massacre and thinking about why they were in Vietnam. This lost of support made America think about leaving Vietnam and therefor losing the war because it enabled communism to take over Vietnam, which America was trying to prevent.

5. Chinese and Soviet support for the Viet Cong was a huge factor that made America lose the war. The Chinese and Soviet Union sent an immense amount of supplies to the Viet Cong, which greatly helped them to demoralize American soldiers and ultimately win the war. As shown in Source 38, the Chinese absolutely did not want America to be in Vietnam. The caption on the poster says "U.S. Imperialism, Get Out of South Viet Nam," which shows that the Chinese did not want imperialism in South Vietnam or so close to China. Also, since the Soviets wanted to spread communism and saw that Vietnam was trying to become communism they felt that they had to support Vietnam as much as possibly in order to spread their ideology. VIet Cong had a lot of support, but America barely had any. There was very little support from the UN so America was basically on her own. Since Viet Cong had two huge supports and America really didn't have any, the Viet Cong were bound to win.

6. 'But did they really lose?' Summarize the argument put forward in Source 57, and your view on it.

In Source 57 the argument in the text suggests that America had won the Vietnam war, militarily. It goes on about how America didn't lose one major consequential battle, how the fall of Saigon happened two years after America completely evacuated from Vietnam, and how it was Vietnamese civilians and military soldiers running for their lives and not America. One of the supporting points is that during the time when America was in Vietnam they didn't lose one battle; including the Tet Offensive in 1968 saying that it was a VC and NVA loss. Another supporting point was that the fall of Saigon happened two years after America had left; saying that "How could we lose a war that we had already stopped fighting?" Since America wasn't in Vietnam when Saigon fell and 'lost' America didn't lose, Vietnam did. Lastly, America didn't lose the war because it was Vietnamese civilians and soldiers running for their lives when Saigon fell not Americans. Therfore, since no Americans were running for their lives, as if retreating, they didn't lose; but since Vietnamese people were they lost.

I believe that America did lose the war to a certain extent, America lost the war politically but won militarily. America lost politically because Vietnam did succumb to communism and became a communist country, which America went to Vietnam to stop communism from spreading and stop Vietnam from becoming a communist country. However, the Vietnamese lost millions more men and civilians than America had lost. Also, as Source 57 says "American mililtary did not lose a battle of any consequence," which more plainly says that there was no battle that America lost that was significant enough to do damage of some sort. In conclusion, America lost the Vietnam War politically, but won militarily.

Vietname War Opposition

1. Note all of the reasons why you feel the war in Vietnam is wrong.

b.) it killed many civilians (Source 50) like in the My Lai Massacre
i. this showed that everything was getting completely out of hand
a.) the leader America was supporting was extremely corrupt (Ngo Dinh Diem)
i. he attacked and destroyed Budhist shrines
1. which made the Budhist priests burn themselves alive in protest (Source 33)
ii. however America "knew of no one better" (p. 354)
c.) America wasn't winning any support from the people nor containing communism
i. the people hated the fact that they were kicked out of their homes, their farmland being destroyed, and innocent civilians being killed which made them turn against America and join Minh's communist force in North Vietnam



2. Note what you re trying to achieve with this poster. (e.g. to convince people to write to their Congressmen to get the troops out.)

I am trying to achieve with this poster to stop war. America shouldn't be in Vietnam, how were they supposed to stop people from being pro-communism. You can't stop a person from believing in what they think is right. Basically, I am trying to protest against America being in Vietnam, that they should get out and that they have no business there. Plus, America was getting out of hand in Vietnam, they no longer completely knew what they were doing over there.

3. List possible images for your poster. Think about: background (e.g. destroyed villages); the central image (e.g. picture of a young soldier); whether you will need words to explain your image.

Source 50-killed many civilians that were completely innocent, it was getting out of control
Source 33-Budhist priest burning himself, shows how corrupt Diem was to his people
Source 41 and 42-(Source 42) children running and one naked after Napalm was sprayed and landed on them, shows how the people were being badly injured (suffering) and destroying their farmland; (Source 41) after an American bombraid South Vietnamese try to rebuild their town, Hue, where it is completely destroyed which shows that the peopel were kicked out and had to move because of the US
Source 44-shows a soldier standing, watching a hut burn down which was someone's home, this shows how many South Vietnamese people had to move elsewhere because of America's search and destroy tactic which made them homeless.

4. List some possible slogans for your poster.

"What has been accomplished in Vietnam?"

"Get's out of hand, war should be band"

"Do they want you there?"

"Let them be communists, you can't contain ideology/beliefs"

"You made it worse!"

Vietnam War Turning Points

1. Why was the Tet Offensive a turning point? Explain your answer.

The Tet Offensive was a turning point because it made the USA ask questions about the war in America. This happened because America sent over 500,000 troops and spent over twenty billion dollars, and the communists and North VIetnamese were still able to make a surprise attack. America needed to think about why they had so many troops and spent so much money but the communists and north VIetnamese people were stil able to make a surprise attack. Even though the U.S. was able to take these sites and bases back the U.S. used a lot of artillerary and air power and killed many civilians, the U.S. questioned themselves about if this was really how it should go and if they were doing the right thing even though they were using so much force and killing civilians.


2. Are Sources 51 and 52 making the same point about the My Lai Massacre?

Sources 51 and 52 are not making the same point about the My Lai Massacre. In source 51 Ronald Ridenhour refers to the U.S. soldiers as being Nazis during the massacre. He says that they didn't go there to be Nazis, and he also refers to how there were soldiers there that had never been away from home before and thought that they were being courageous. The point Ridenhour is making about the My Lai Massacre is that nastalgic men were there acting like Nazis, that it was a horrendous act. However, in Source 52 the point Lieutenant Calley makes is that it was for the better of mankind, that he wasn't killing innocent civilians he was killing communism. This is the complete opposite of Ridenhower's point; Calley sees nothing wrong with the massacre while as Ridenhower and a few others saw it as being like Nazis.

3. Why do you think it took 12 months for
anyone to do anything about the massacre?

I think that it took 12 months for anyone to do anything about the massacre because Charlie Company had recorded only 20 civilians deaths and took it as a normal and inevitable part of war; so the US also thought civilian deaths were a inevitable part of war however they had the wrong information. It wasn't until someone in the war front had told Congress that they should investigate this event. Ronald Ridenhour had sent the letter to Congress saying that this event should be seriously looked at and investigated, and so then Congress investigated it.


4. Why was the massacre so shocking to
the American public?

The massacre was so shocking to the American public because there were so many innocent civilians that were killed, almost four hundred. This massacre showed the America public how wrong the war had gone. They thought that they'd be containing communism or getting rid of it, but thought that less people would be killed. This event showed how the war had taken a bad turn and went down the wrong road, America was no longer there helping the people but killing them.

The U.S. struggles against the Communist in Vietnam

1a) Were the armies finely balanced or was the balance strongly weighted to one side or the other?

In each category the armies were mostly very unbalanced, with the exception of Vietnamese support. For Vietnamese support they were pretty even because each army upset the people in one way and made them against the army and country. However, in the overall balance of the armies they were pretty even. This is true because the US army was strong in supplies, modern weapons, and tactics; but the North Vietnamese army were strong in tactics, moral, and patriotism. The soldiers would do anything for North Vietnam and that made the morals much higher than America because their tactics were called Guerilla, where they'd attack from the woods, when weakened, or when retreating which made the US soldiers have very low hopes of winning. The US soldiers wouldn't really do anything for their country, however they had modern technology in weapons, good supplies, and good tactics. The technology and supplies clearly overpassed the technology of the Vietnamese people. The US had weapons that woud destroy their farms and etcetera, some of which could burn through your skin.

1b) Which quality was most important in determining who won the war? Was one feature so important that being ahead in that area meant that other advantages or disadvantages did not matter?

I believe that the most important quality was patriotism in determing who won the war. This is true because it clealy worked to the advantage of the Vietnamese people; it decreased US morale, killed many US soldiers, and made many US soldiers fearful. No matter what area or feature was most prominent or most important in determing who won the war the other advantages and disadvantages did matter. There was an equal balance among both armies that includes every category. Not one army had more power over the other. Sure the US army had better weapons, but the Vietnamese army had high morale and wouldn't give up, making them hard to defeat.

The failure of the U.S. army to beat the Communist in Vietnam was the result of its own weaknesses and Viet Cong strengths.

2. Now write up your answer. Use this structure:
a. The U.S. weaknesses were low moral, poorish supplies, inneffective tactics, and low support from the Vietnamese people. The soldiers morale was really low because there was no hope that they could defeat the North Vietnamese people. They were afraid all the time that they would just pop out of nowhere from the woods and get killed. The tactics like bombing and search-and-destroy were ineffective. The bombing raids on the Minh trail just slowed everything down, but didn't stop the Vietnamese people from being supplied by China and USSR. Also, the search-and-destroy tactic didn't work because it made people become against the US, there become less and less support from the people. This happened because they didn't like the fact that they were detroying their homes and farmland.

b. At the same time, the Communist strengths were high morale, very good supplies, and effective tactics. The Vietnamese people would never give up no matter what. They would get right back to work in fixing the tracks on the railroad that sends them supplies after each bomb raid. Also, they were always being supplied by the Chinese and Soviets, two whole countries sending them supplies, basically supplies kept coming in and being replenished. Lastly, the Vietnamese had effective tactics, which reduced American morale and made them afraid.

c. The U.S. forces did have some successes. For example, the Tet Offensive in 1968. The North Vietnamese and communists captured 100 cities and some military bases, however the US and South Vietnamese were able to recapture them room by room. The North Vietnamese thought that the other Vietnamese people would stand up and join them, but they didn't. This event shows that America had a lot of support in South Vietnam and that they were able to overtake North Vietnamese or at least get them out of their area.

d. However, there were some major failures as well. Examples of these were, the bombing raids, the My Lai Massacre, chemical weapons, and search and destroy. The bombing raids just slowed the communists and Vietnamese from sending and receiving supplies. the My Lai Massacre turned a lot of American support against the war, many Vietnamese people turned against them, and the entire goal to kill the North Vietnamese soldiers wasn't even accomplished none of them were found or killed. Also, the chemical weapons turned many people against them, hurt many innocent civilians, and killed necessary crops. Lastly, the search and destroy method killed many innocent civilians, they weren't able to find many soldiers, and it destroyed people's homes, which turned some people against them.

e. The Viet Cong had some major successes, such as the Guerilla tactics and decreasing US morale. The Guerilla tactics were effective because it caught Americans off-guard sometimes, and how they would attack stronger once the Americans were weakened or were retreating killed many soldiers and made it highly effective. Also, the Guerilla tactics decreased US morale because they were so afraid at being attacked at any time and there was no hope that America would win the war. Lastly, the set-up of their "hide outs" was very effective because they were undergound with booby traps, and the way they dressed made them look like any other normal person or peasant, which made it hard for the Americans to tell the difference.

f. However, they also suffered defeats, for example: the bombing raids and technology. The bombing raids detroyed many villages and made them have to work more and harder. The villages became hard to live in and having to work more made them tired and a little more weak. Also, technology was a huge defeat because the US had weapons that could destroy farmland and burn through your skin, while the Vietnamese had nothing like that. The Vietnamese also didn't have as high standard as the Americans, the American weapons were much more modern than the weapons the Vietnamese people had.

g. If I had to identify one major American weakness, it would be tactics because there tactics killed innocent civilians while they were supposed to kill the soldiers. This tactic, searh-and-destroy and chemical weapons, were supposed to kill the soldiers but they weren't, so they weren't really killing any soldiers in these tactics. However, a lot more soldiers were killed in the bombing raids. Also, the tactics did not reduce morale among the soldiers, while the American's morale was greatly reduced by Vietnamese tactics. This is really important because it made a huge difference, the Vietnamese thought they were unstoppable while the Americans were shaking in their boots. A scared soldier wouldn't perform as well as a confident soldier.

h. The key Viet Cong strength was tactics because it reduced the morale of the Americans immensely and killed some soldiers. However, reducing morale was greatly effective because the Guerilla warfare scared many America soldiers and gave them no hope of winning. While on the other hand the Vietnamese were confident and believed that they could win. Guerilla warfare didn't kill as many soldiers as the Americans killed, it was still hugely effective. A soldier will not perform as well if he or she has no hope compared to a soldier who is confident and believes that they will win the war.

The U.S. Enters the Vietnam War

1. Many neutral observers in Vietnam were critical of US policy. Explain why.

Many neutral observers in Vietnam were critical of US policy because the leader the American government supported, Ngo Dinh Diem, was strongly against communism and would exile any communist. Also, Diem was very disrespectful of the Budhist religion, which most of the peasants of Vietnam were Budhists. Since he was disrespectful of Budhism there were protests like in Source 33 where a Budhist priest lit himself on fire, they protested against the attacks the government made against the Budhist shrines. However, the United States continued to support him, like sending him over a billion dollars, until he was thrown out by his own army leaders. Unfortunately the government remained corrupt, but America still supported it because they were afraid of Ho Chi Minh coming into reign who is communists. Overall, the neural observers in Vietnam did not like what the United States was doing, they were intimidated, discriminated against, and faced a lot of violence. This lead to the people seeking liberation from the South, they became strong supporters of communism and Ho Chi Mihn.

2. Explain how US politicians would have defended their policies.

The US politicians would have defended their policies by saying that they were trying to contain communism and they didn't know of any one who was better than Ngo Dinh Diem. The US went to Diem because they knew he was strongly anti-communists and would kick out any communist from the country. They supported him immensely because the United States was desperate to keep communism from spreading. They believed in this "Domino effect" where they thought that the Soviets would just go from one country to another and spread communism, like one after another in dominoes. If the United States had known a better leader they probably would have supported that person than Diem, but this is just what they said and we don't know if they would have done that for sure.

3. The following events are not listed in correct date order. Place them in the correct chronological order. (Write the year inside the parenthesis, i.e. (1965). Then note the reason for each U.S. action, and how it brought the U.S. into deeper involvement in Vietnam.
The reasons you can choose from are: No direct involvement; financial support; political involvement; military involvement. Also, note what events triggered the increased involvement.

(1954) U.S. stops elections in Vietnam, reason: political involvement because Mihn was getting help from China and afraid of Vietnam becoming communist. To keep the 'no elections' going America had to stay there and make sure that Vietnam wasn't turning communist.
(1955) Formation of South Vietnam, reason: political involvement and financial support because again Mihn was anti-communist, would throw out any communist from the country, and US didn't want a communist leader and government in Vietnam. Brought America deeper becaues they had to continue to fund and support Mihn, which made them stay in Vietnam.
(1960) Viet Cong formed, reason: no direct involvement. Brought America deeper because they saw that VIetnam was turning communist.
(1960-1962) Viet Cong attacks on U.S. and South Vietnam bases, reason: no direct involvement. This action made by Viet Cong made America have to fight back and become militarily involved, which brought America deeper into the conflict because now they were basically fighting against them and about to get into a war.
(1962) JFK sends military advisers, reason: military involvement. The Viet Cong were attacking and the 'advisers' were there to fight back, which definitely brought America deeper into conflict because now they were fighting against some of the people.
(1962) Number of 'advisers' reaches over 11,500, reason: military involvement and political involvement. This was triggered by the Viet Cong air base incidenct and the attacks that they were making. President Kennedy sent more troops to fight against the Viet Cong and to 'contain' communism, or keep communism from spreading.
(1963) U.S. supports South Vietnam government after army overthrow Diem, reason: no direct involvement. However, the U.S. continued to support them because they were still anti-communists, which brought America deeper into conflict because they were still trying to contain communism and were still supporting them.
(1963) Assassination of JFK-Johnson becomes president, reason: no direct involvement, this isn't related to Vietnam but there was an affect. Once Johnson became president he declares war or starts a war in Vietnam, which immensely puts America deeper in conflict but now they are actually in the conflict.
(1964) Gulf of Tonkin Incident, reason: military involvement, the Vietnamese fired first but this made Congress angry and quickly passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which gave all the decision making on what to do next militarily to Johnson. This brought America deeper into conflict because now America was really fighting back.
(1965) U.S. Marines land at Da Nang, reason: military involvement, this was the start of the Vietnam War. It was ignited after the Vietnamese fired on America in the Gulf of Tonkin, and this was the deepest America could go into the conflict because now they were actually in the conflict.

4. Choose two events that you think were critical in getting the U.S. involved in a war in Vietnam. Explain
your choice.

One event that lead to the U.S. getting involved in the Vietnam war was supporting Diem. When Diem was in reign there were serious protests and the U.S. didn't do anything, they just wanted to keep communism out. However, Diem and the support for Diem lead to Viet Cong and most of the people turning to Mihn and communism. After this there was no going back for America, they were too determined to keep communism out. Another evvent that lead the U.S. into getting involved din the Vietnam war was the Gulf of Tonkin incident. After this it set America off, they were determined to get rid of the pro-communists Viet Cong and Congress quickyl passed the Gulf Tonkin Resolution. This resolution gave of military power to President Johnson where obviously he would start a war with Vietnam, and he did. President Johnson sent troops to Da Nang which officially started the war.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

1. Kennedy described Wednesday, Oct. 24 and Saturday, Oct. 27 as the darkest days of the crisis. Use the information on page 350 to explain why.

Wednesday, October 24 was one of the darkest days of the crisis because the Soviet Union ships that painstakingly close to the blockade zone stopped or turned around right before it. The ships kept coming at first and Kennedy might have thought that the Soviet Union was going to attack them and start the war or even use their nuclear weapons on them. Also, the ships tha stopped probably caused a lot of stress and anxiety because he didn't know if they were going to attack them or just turn around or stay there. The atmosphere was intense that day for Kennedy because he didn't know what the Soviets were going to do. October 27th was another one of the darkest days because one he decides to remove his missiles from Turkey making the United States a little more vulnerable and a U-2 plane is shot down. The missiles that he agreed to take away definitely left America a little more vulnerable and this probably made Kennedy uneasy. More importantly, a U-2 plane was shot down over Cuba and the pilot was killed, which made Kennedy believe that the Soviet Union was going to attack. Also, Kennedy almost attacked the Soviet Union after the U-2 incident, however he delayed the attack. The delayed attack probably was the closest point at which the United States almost started a war against the Soviet Union. This probably made Kennedy very stressed and possibly scared as to what the Soviet Union might do next or what could have happened if he didn't delay the attack.

2. Do you think that nuclear war was ever a possibility in this crisis?

I believe that both sides were too afraid to send the first nuclear bomb, which makes me believe that a nuclear war wasn't a possibility. Both sides were too afraid of the consequences of sending a nuclear bomb to the other side. There might've been a close call of a nuclear war but I don't think either said would have ever gone through with it.

3. Is Source 26 a Soviet or an American cartoon? Explain your answer by referring to the details in the cartoon.

I believe that Source 26 is a Soviet cartoon. In the cartoon Khrushchev is sweating, which indicates that he is working hard and having trouble. He is trying a lot harder than JFK because JFK is not sweating so USSR is working a lot harder. Also, they are having an arm wrestle, where again Khrushchev is sweating and working harder. It also shows that JFK (or the United States) and Khrushchev (or the Soviet Union) are fighting against each other. In the arm wrestle neither person is moving, at least their hands and arms, which shows that each person is afraid to make the first major move or waiting for an element of surprise. Since neither person is moving it also shows that each of them are working just as hard but are handling it differently. The two players are sitting on a nuclear bomb, so essentially the one to make the first move would set off the bomb towards the other person, triggering the start of a war. The cartoon puts America in a bad viewpoint because it shows Khrushchev struggling which could make the Soviets angry and more willing to fight harder. Since the cartoon does this I believe that it is a Soviet cartoon trying to make the Soviets want to fight harder.

4. Using Source 27 list any evidence you can find for and against each of the explanations.

I. To Bargain with the USA
A. For
1. The Cuban Missile crisis did lead to bargaining between USA and USSR
a. Khrushchev wanted missiles taken out of Turkey and USA wanted missiles taken out of Cuba
2. Khrushchev never fought or made an attack against USA
a. showing that the Soviets didn't want to fight with America and would rather compromise and talk
B. Against
1. The Soviets had lied about having missiles on Cuba
a. showing that they were possibly ready to fight or planned a sneak attack
II. To Test the USA
A. For
1. The Soviet Union continued to push the United States' buttons
a. the ships kept going towards Cuba until they were extremely close
b. At first Khrushchev didn't agree to take out their missiles as Kennedy had asked
c. By putting the missiles there in the first place pushed America's buttons because they didn't know what the Soviets were going to do
B. Against
1. The Soviets never really did anything extreme, they just did little things.
III. To Trap the USA
A. For
1. Cuba is very close to America making it easier and quicker to send missiles to America and cover more area
B. Against
1. That was the only place where the Soviet Union had missiles besides USSR
a. The USA was never surrounded or 'trapped'
IV. To Get the Upper Hand in the Arms Race
A. For
1. the Soviet Union was already outnumbered with nuclear weapons
a. USA had nukes in America and in Eastern Europe, whiled USSR only had nukes in homeland
b. by putting them so close to America it made America fearful and possibly making them willing to succumb to the Soviet Union
B. Against
1. The Soviet Union never really outnumbered America in the amount of nukes they had
a. they were still pretty dead even with the amount of nukes they had
V. To Defend Cuba
A. For
1. Cuba became a Soviet ally
a. they became a communist state which made the Soviet Union almost have to defend or protect Cuba from attack
I. in order to spread communism they would have to protect Cuba from American influence and control
B. Against
1. If they were there to spread communism why did they need nuclear weapons?
a. nuclear weapons were over-the-top to just protect Cuba
2. Cuba and USSR never really signed a pact or anything so how do we know if they were allies or not
a. if they were allies it seems normal to protect them, but there was no pact or anything
3. How do we know if USSR was just using Cuba to get closer to America and make an easier surprise attack
a. they could've just taken advantage of Cuba seeing that they had turned communist and therefore making it safer for them to be there and etcetera.

5. Choose the explanation(s) that you think best fit what you have found out about the crisis. Explain your choice.

I think that the Soviet Union placed nuclear missiles on Cuba to be able to bargain with the USA and to test the USA. The missiles that were placed on Cuba ultimately did this. During the time where missiles were on Cuba Khrushchev and Kennedy did end up conversing and bargaining. Kennedy said he would take the missiles out of Turkey as long as Khrushchev took the missiles out of Cuba. Also, the USSR never made an attack or anything on the United States, which goes to show that they were not ready or willing to fight. The Soviets wanted to talk and bargain first before making an attack on the United States. The missiles on Cuba had also tested the United States, which could be another possibility on why the Soviets had put missiles on Cuba in the first place. The Soviet Union never really did anything in Cuba besides put missiles and make bases on there, they never really spoke or attacked America. Although, a U-2 plane was taken down and the pilot was shot, which happened because America saw that the USSR was putting missiles on Cuba, but this was all that America did. USSR just waited for some first attack or something, but when the U-2 plane was shot down it was another test on America. However, there is no indication on who shot the plane down, America might have assumed that it was the Soviet Union and if it was then they would have been waiting to see if America would attack back or begin a war. Finally, until America clearly was not going to attack the Soviet Union took away the missiles, which showed to the Soviets that America was not going to make a first move to start a war where the Soviet Union was probably hoping for.

The U.S. Attempts to Contain Cuba

1. Why was Cuba so important to the United States?

Cuba was so important to the United States because America owned most of the business there, there was a U.S. naval base, and it is 160 km away from the tip of Florida. If the Soviet Union or communism were to take over Cuba than most likely America would lose it's business there. Also, America would lose a lot of profit from Cuba if it were to lose business. The U.S. naval base was key for America in their placement in the world; Cuba is in-between America and South and Central America making the naval base key in keeping in touch and having close contact with South and Central America. The U.S. naval base in Cuba is also good placement because America could reach another country in South or Central America much easier than if it was in America somewhere. Since Cuba is only 160 km it really is a perfect spot, as I said before. As one can see, Cuba was so important to the United States because it was so close, America owned most of the business there, and there was already a U.S. naval base there.

2. Why do you think the Americans chose to equip Cuban exiles rather than invading themselves?

I believe that the Americans chose to equip Cuban exiles rather than invading themselves because they thought that it would be more powerful and possibly easier for Cuba to succumb to them and if the Soviet Union were to accuse America for attacking an ally America could deny it. If the exiles were to attack Cuba there could be a stronger possibility that they could win, the exiled persons could be so filled up with anger and revenge that they would be unstoppable. Also, there could have been a possibility that Castro would be sympathetic towards the exiled persons and would easily succumb to them. Lastly, if the Soviet Union were to accuse America of attacking one of their allies, America could deny it because technically Americans were not involved in the fighting. Cuban exiles did all the fighting and attacked Cuba, the Soviet Union probably would not be able to provide any proof of America influencing the Cuban exiles.

3. Why did the invasion fail?

The invasion failed because when the Cuban exiles entered Cuba through the Bay of Pigs they were met by 20,000 Cuban troops armed with tanks and more. With far more people and better weapons Castro was easily able to defeat and kill all of the exiled persons within a few days. The invasion failed because the soldiers were not equiped with sufficient weaponry, were not as trained as the others, and were greatly outnumbered.

4. Compare Source 17 on page 345 (in the Arms Race.pdf reading) with Source 24 on page 348. Describe how the Soviet Union missiles on Cuba changed the Cold War balance of power.

In Source 17 in the Arms Race.pdf there are both long range and short range nuclear weapons that America owns. The short range weapons are in NATO European countries where they are much closer to the Soviet Union and will get to the Soviet Union much quicker. In Source 24 in the Cuban Missile Crisis.pdf the Soviet Union now how nuclear weapons in Cuba where it's much easier and quicker to reach the United States and more possible places to strike the United States. The Cold War power became almost equal, the Soviet Union got more power with the missiles in Cuba. America used to have the only short range nuclear weapons that threatened the USSR, but now the Soviets had weapons where they could easily attack the United States and greatly threatened them. Also, there would be more areas in the United States where the missiles could hit which would make more damage. In summary, after the Soviet Union put missiles in Cuba the balance of power during the Cold War greatly shifted to the Soviet Union.

The American Dream in the 1950s

For each term or name, write a concise sentence or two explaining its significance.

1. Baby Boom was the largest generation in the nations history, where one time in 1957 over 400,000 babies were born. This was somewhat caused by the soldiers returning from WWII and being ready to settle down and start a family.

2. Dr. Jonas Salk published a book where he told parents, mostly mothers, how to raise children like how they should have sit down chats with their children and express their feelings. He also proposed and believed that women should be paid for being stay-at-home mothers.

3. Interstate Highway System allowed Americans living in the suburbs to get to their jobs in the city, which made more people move to the suburbs picturing a picture perfect way to live, like “blue shutters and a white picket fence” perfect. Also, this allowed families to travel all over the place like to lakes and parks, however an increase in accidents and high stress levels from traffic became much more prominent.

4. Franchise is where businessmen were able to build a company off of another company, which provided many jobs for Americans. Also, the bosses or managers hired people who wouldn't riot or think individually, in-turn the workers of these businesses had to sacrifice their individuality to work there.

5. In a paragraph, describe in detail how Americans spent their leisure time in the 1950s
In the 1950s Americans spent their leisure time buying televisions, lawn mowers, hi-fi record players, and many more. They bought televisions and hi-fi record players to entertain themselves, which were invented one after the other making the products very alluring to consumers. Also, they bought lawn mowers to mow their grass and bought casual clothing for their suburban lives. Almost everything they bought was to entertain themselves or make their home look better. For example, they bought lawn decorations to decorate the outside of their homes, which goes to show that they wanted their home to look the best. More and more products were made and these products were constantly being updated. Businesses and others saw that they could use planned obsolescence to get consumers to keep buying their products. Most likely every year the business would update their product and convince to the consumers that the new one was much better and the older product was worse to have. This kept consumers buying and began almost a competition to have the best.

The Arms Race

1. Read Source 12. What methods do you think Dulles had in mind to 'liberate captive peoples' without a war?

Dulles had methods that would keep the Communists from spreading, freeing the people of the nations under Soviet rule, and do it all without starting a third world war. Dulles definitely believed that containment was not working, and that if the United States did nothing they would be "driven back" by the Soviets. Also, he believed that there was a way to free the people of the countries under Soviet rule without war, that it was possible to free them peacefully.

2. Look at Source 13. Would you agree that the Communist world was encircled? Explain your answer.

I would agree to a certain extent. I can see how the Communist world may feel encircled, but I don't think that they really were. There were countries, smaller countries than the United States, that had joined SEATO, CENTO, and NATO and were all around USSR. However, these countries were parsimonious compared to the USSR, and I don't think that they should have felt threatened or "encircled" by them. Also, the largest country in these groups was the United States, which is pretty much on the other side of the globe. Lastly, the countries in these groups were around the Soviet Union and in a 'circular' form, but still they shouldn't have been afraid of these much smaller-in-size countries.

3. Carefully examine the verticle timeline on page 343. Then look back at Source 12. Do you think the development of nuclear weapons was what Dulles might have had in mind?

I do believe that the development of nuclear weapons was what Dulles might have had in mind. I believe this because in Source 12 he says "Liberation can be achieved by a process short of war," which indicates that Dulles thought he could avoid war by a nuclear war. He probably looked back to how quick Japan had surrendered after the two atomic bombs, and believed that the same thing could happen with the USSR. Dulles might have been thinking that the USSR would surrender if the United States sent nuclear bombs over the country and therefore would liberate the other countries from their war. This would be how Dulles would avoid an all out war.

4. Look at Source 16. What is the Soviet cartoon saying about the U-2 plane?

The Soviet cartoon is saying that the U-2 plane was spying on the USSR. This is shown by how President Truman is looking with one eye (as you do in a telescope) through the U-2 plane. At the end or the tip of the U-2 plane there is glass, which is trying to make it look like a spy glass. The U-2 plane is over the USSR showing that President Eisenhower is spying over the Soviet Union.

5. Read the Factfile on page 344. Explain why the USSR was so angry about the US spy flights.

The USSR was so angry about the US spy flights because the violated Soviet air space, the US denied spying on them, and President Eisenhower refused to stop and apologize for spying on them. America was flying over Soviet air space and that made the Soviets angry. Also, the United States denied that they were even spying on them, which made the USSR angry because they had evidence to prove that they were indeed spying on them. However, the United States did end up telling the Soviets that they were spying on them, but President Eisenhower refused to stop the flights and to apologize. This move made USSR angry because the US would still send flights over USSR and didn't apologize for their actions. In-turn this increased the tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.

6. How would the USA justify this violation of Soviet territory?

The USA justified this violation of Soviet territory by denying it at first. President Eisenhower and the United States were asked by the Soviet Union if they were spying on the territory, but the US denied. However, America didn't know that the USSR had proof of them spying form Gary Power's U-2 plane. In the end, President Eisenhower did admit to spying over Soviet territory but he did not stop the U-2 planes from flying over and would not apologize for his actions.

7. If the USSR had had U-2 planes, do you think it would have used them? Why?

If the USSR had had U-2 planes I don't think that they would have used them. I believe that the USSR wouldn't have use them because they could get more information on the ground. Their spies were more effective I think because they got more information, like how to build an atomic bomb. If they used a U-2 plane to see how to build an atomic bomb they wouldn't be able to figure it out, it would be nearly impossible. It would be much more useful to have spies in the country on the ground than for planes flying over taking pictures and then having to figure out what those pictures mean.

8. Look at Source 17. Why do you think the USA had missiles based in Europe?

I think that the USA had missiles based in Europe to be able to bomb the Soviet Union more quickly. Source 17 says "Short-range missiles could reach USSR in minutes. Long-range missiles could reach USSR in 30 minutes," which indicates that the USA would rather use the missiles that could reach in minutes because it could hit USSR more quickly than the long-range missiles. Also, the USA could send the short-range missiles and then the long-range missiles that could destroy the Soviet Union and could possibly make them surrender more quickly.

9. Define the term 'nuclear deterrent' in not more than 20 words.

Nuclear Deterrent is when more than one country has nuclear weapons and if they were to send the nuclear weapon on another country who had them also they would kill themselves as well as the other country. Before the bomb would land the other country would be able to send their bombs too, so both countries would die. Basically sending an atomic bomb to the Soviet Union from the United States and vice-versa was suicidal.

Eisenhower & The Cold War

How did the United States react to the following 7 events, and why?

1. The Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949.

The United States reacted to this by making an even more powerful nuclear bomb, the hydrogen bomb also called the H-bomb. The United States did this because they thought that the only way to win and survive a nuclear war was to out-weapon the Soviet Union. Or in other words in order to be more powerful than the Soviet Union the United States had to make a better and more powerful weapon.

2. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister placed the oil industry in Iran under the Iranian government’s control.

Soon after Iranian's government began to diminish or "falter" and America was afraid that they would go to the Soviets for help. So the United States allowed the CIA to give millions of dollars to anti-Mossadegh supporters hoping that the previous leader would be put back into office. It ended up working and control of the oil fields returned to the Western countries.

3. The Guatemalan head of government gave American-owned land in Guatemala to peasants.

The CIA trained an army to invade Guatamala and they did, but the Guatamalan army refused to support the president and so a dictator ended up leading Guatamala. However, the United States did this to stop communism from spreading in Guatamala, they thought that since Guatamala's government gave over 200,000 acres of land to peasants they were pro-communism.

4. In 1956, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt and occupied the Suez Canal. The United States helped to withdraw French, British, and Isrealian troops from the Suez Canal, but it kept control of the canal in the hands of Egypt which greatly angered the other countries. The United States only helped though because the United Nations stepped in and the U.S. is a part of that. The United States acted this way because they were afraid of the USSR coming in and fighting as well, possibly starting and third world war.

5. Soviet tanks invaded Hungary and fired on protesters in 1956.

The United States did nothing to help the Hungarian people. The United States probably did this because they were afraid again of getting into a third world war with the Soviets. The Soviets looked really powerful by bringing in tanks to Hungary to fight the people off, and this made America hesitant. They probably assumed that there's more of those tanks and fierce fighting because of what they saw in Hungary. It is like Iwo Jima in WWII and how it was the preface of what it would be like in Japan.

6. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.

America was shocked and humiliated; the U.S. never thought that the Soviets would beat them to space. They were humiliated because after Sputnik was launched the U.S. tried launching their own satellite into space, but the rocket completely failed (it just toppled and tumbled over). However, this pushed America to try to beat the Soviets in space exploration, America, soon after the failed satellite, sent a successful rocket into space. This began the space race between the Soviets and America.

7. In 1960, the Soviet Union brought down an American U-2 piloted by Francis Gary Powers.

America agreed to hault all flights going over the Soviet Union, but President Eisenhower refused to apologize. When Francis Gary Powers landed in Soviet territory after parachuting out of his plane, USSR accused him of spying but Powers denied it. Unfortunately, the Soviet Union had proof that he was spying, and then asked President Eisenhower to stop all flights over the territory and to apologize. He agreed to stop the flights because he didn't want to go to war with USSR, but he didn't apologize because of his personality (just didn't want to pretty much). Although there is no real reason stated in the text about why President Eisenhower didn't apologize.

The Red Scare (1950s).

1. HUAC was one organization dedicated to investigate possible communist influence; they began in the movie industry where they accused movies made during WWII of being communists because there was pro-Soviet influence and propaganda in the films.

2. Blacklist was made by Hollywood executives where they had made a list of people in the movie industry who had a communist background, which ended up completely ruining the accused people's careers.

3. Alger Hiss was accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a Soviet spy and sending U.S. government documents to USSR, he was found guilty with no evidence to prove it and went to prison.

4. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were accused of being communists and helping to send some of the atomic bomb making notes to USSR; they were found guilty with no evidence proving this and were given the death sentence by the electric chair.

5. Joseph McCarthy was a Republican Senator of Wisconsin who wanted to win reelection and saw it as far-fetched inless he had a good platform. He used the subject of communists taking over America and the government, and went on "witch hunts" where he would give numbers of supposid communists but never did he have any names.

6. McCarthyism is the word made to describe the attacks that McCarthy made against supposid communists, nowadays it means attacks against people of disloyalty without having any evidence.


7. In a paragraph, describe the motivations and actions of Joseph McCarthy during the 1950s. What prompted his actions? What did he do? What happened as a result of his actions?

Joseph McCarthy started his "witch hunts" mainly because he needed a good platform that would win him reelection as the senator for Wisconsin. He figured that if he used the communists as one that he could get votes by telling the people he would do something about it like getting rid of them. McCarthy made accusations of supposid communists in the Senate and the American government. He only made numbers though, he never had any names to prove the accusations. However, he did use names in the Senate because there was a law that protected him from being sued for slander. Also, he accused the Democratic party of being disloyal and pro-communists for twenty years, he said that they were guilty of "20 years of treason." McCarthy accused the Democratic party for allowing communism into the government. Lastly, Joseph McCarthy accused the U.S. army of being pro-communists, which made the Senate televise an investigation on them. As a result, people and the Senate saw how out of control he was getting, therefor he lost many votes and lost the election. As well as the Senate condemning him of misconduct that made the Senate look untruthful and dishonorable.

Korean War Lessons

From the Korean War we, the United States, should learn that Communism is spreading across Asia and we cannoth afford nor are prepared enough for a war against the Soviet Union and its allies. It is clear that communism is spreading because in 1949 China became a communist country. When the Japanese troops left North Korea the Soviet Union took control of it and turned the government into a "Soviet-style-one-party system"(3). North Korea became a one-party system because a Soviet leader was trained by USSR and controled what went on and etcetera in North Korea.

Our overall aims in Korea is to get communism out, or the least get the Soviet Union out. The Soviet Union is getting out of control as seen in eastern Europe where all the satellite-nations are controlled by the Soviet Union, this is going to happen to North Korea, which is why evasive action must be taken because the Soviet Union is getting too powerful. As said by Senator Tom Connally "If the UN is ever going to do anything, this is the time, and if the UN cannot bring the crisis in Korea to an end then we might as well just wash up the United Nations and forget it," which is true because if we don't stop the spread in communism and the control the Soviet Union could have, like in Korea, than they will become too powerful and we wont be able to stop them.

However, we cannot win this war without more allies, the leader of South Korea, Chiang, is not taking advantage of all of the citizens he has. Mao, on the other hand, is offering land benefits and more to the peasants making them want to go to North Korea, which they have done. Without the same amount of effort from Chiang as us we cannot completely take out communism because we will just simply be out-numbered.

Although, with the help of the other members of the United Nations, such as Britain, we have been able to push more communism out of North Korea. Britain and the other members have supplied a decent amount of soldiers to give us somewhat of an upper hand, but without the boycott by USSR in the United Nations we probably never would have been able to attack North Korea. If the USSR hadn't boycotted the UN than they most likely would have used their veto to not pass the petition to help out South Korea.

I believe we could have done more, but without the cooperation of Chiang and not losing as many south koreans we could not have done so. The United States partially achieved its goals because there is still communism in North Korea that is highly influenced, if not controled, by the Soviet Union. Also, North Korea has more land controlled by them than we do, we need to push them farther north. Though we must be extremely careful because if we were to go pass the Yalu River, as General Macarthur almost did, than we would also be in a war with China which would probably be followed by a declaration by the Soviet Union saying that they were going to war against us as well.

General Macarthur did help us to achieve some of our goals at one point, which were to drive the Soviets and communism out of North Korea. He had pushed the 'border' of South Korea almost to the Yalu River, where then we had faced problems with China. China is also a communist country, as declared in 1949, which made us predict that the Soviet Union would help their communistic allies in fighting a war against the United States. This would be terribly bad because we are not ready or prepared for a third world war. General Macarthur is doing his best to push communism and the Soviets out of North Korea.

Although Macarthur did help us achieve some of his goals his ideas would have lead us into trouble. China had declared that if we were to go over the Yalu River they would declare war on us, and we had predicted that USSR would help them. That would have been extremely bad because the United States is not ready for a third world war. Macarthur, however, wanted to use nuclear bombs on China and invade it, which would have caused a third world war possibly. We just couldn't have it, so President Truman fired him, and there is proof of his intentions in the war. Macarthur had said that "had they (the Chinese) intervened in the first or second months it would have been decisive, (but) we are no longer fearful of their intervention. Now that we have bases for our Air Force in Korea, there would be the greatest slaughter." So General Macarthur would have brought the United States into war with China and probably USSR too.

Overall, the casualties of the Korean War were great (a total of 1.4 billion), but most were on North Korea and China's side (780,000 soldiers and civilains were killed). Although the people that got the most casualties was all of Korea, with North Korea being the most and South Korea coming next with 570,000 civilians and soldiers killed. American and UN soldiers have lost the least amount of soldiers and civilians at 34,500 deaths.

As one can see, past president Truman's "containment" plan was somewhat successful. His plan allowed us to push communism and the Soviet Union somewhat out of North Korea, but it did allow us to stop the spread of communism and USSSR in becoming too powerful. However, communism did spread to China, stayed in North Korea, and almost got us into a third world war. We were not able to send military equipment and funds to China to stop communism or in North Korea, on the other hand we were able to do this in South Korea where it did not succumb to communistic ideologies. Although, the containment system almost got us into another major war by another communistic nation warning us of a war against us. The system calls us to help countries who are trying to rule out communisms by supplying them with funds and arms, but we went beyond in trying to cross the Korean border into China were they had already declared that they were communist and weren't rebelling. I believe that containment has served the United States well, but I think that we can make something better that will prevent us more from getting into war with other nations.

Dropping the Atomic Bomb

1. What factors have affected viewpoints on Truman's decision?

Truman's decision of the atomic bomb was and still is greatly debated. Some people believe that he dropped the bombs to scare the Soviet Union. Since the war was basically over, or so they knew and thought that it was, the bomb was pointless. Others believe that Truman dropped the atomic bombs because the military wanted to test out these new weapons of war, instead of using it for military need. Lastly, many people believe that he used them to save lives, without the bombs more lives would have been lost. These people say this because there is few evidence proving that Truman was trying to scare USSR or the military wanting to test out a new weapon. In conclusion, with so many different theories, like scaring the USSR and military testing it out, people have put themselves on different sides on Truman's decision.

2. Do you think he made the right decision? Give your reasons.

I believe that President Truman made the right decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. In one of the Pacific Battles, at Okiniwa, there were many casualties and it was just a less harsher example to what the island of Japan would be like. President Truman didn't want to lose any more men in the war, and people predicted that there would be deaths in the hundred thousands or even millions if the allies were to invace Japan. Truman wanted to prevent this, and in this aspect it was the right way to go to prevent allied deaths by using the atomic bombs. Also, if he were to use the atomic bombs on Japan it'd be almost a guarantee that they would defeat Japan and overall the Axis powers. I think if anyone were in his situation they'd want to end the war as soon as possible without losing millions of soldiers. The Japanese were vey aggressive and were fighting to the death, how else could he have defeated them if they wouldn't even surrender. They would have to defeat the Japanese, in battles, until all the Japanese were dead or if the Japanese killed themselves. This made the probability of losing a high number of men in the war at a higher percentage. In conclusion, I believe that President Truman had made the right decision on dropping two atomic bombs in Japan because it would lower the number of allied casualties and end the Pacific War and defeat the Axis Powers quicker.

War in the Pacific

1. What was the importance of the Battle of Midway?

The Battle of Midway was very important for the war effort and the allies because it was the turning point in the war. The allies, mostly Americans, had demoralized the Japanese a little and had raised pride and moral in America. People, including the Japanese were saying that America had avenged Pearl Harbor (referring to the attack at Pearl Harbor). Also, after this attack the allies began seizing and attacking all the other islands, in the book they called it "hopping" and "leapfrogging."

2. What strategy did the United States adopt in fighting Japan?

The strategy that the United States adopted to fight the Japanese was being offensive. America started taking action that pushed them forward in the war. They went and attacked instead of being defensive and defending their land.

3. Why did the Japanese fight so hard on Iwo Jima?

The Japanese fought so hard on Iwo Jima because the island was so close to the main island, Japan. If the U.S. seized this island they'd be close to Japan and bomber airplanes would easily be able to attack Japan. The island was a major component on determining wether or not America or Japan could keep or get control. The island was so close to Japan that if Japan lost that island America would easily be able to attack the island. Also, the Japanese used this island as a major defense, it was loaded with the most men, amunition, and etc. to defend Japan.

4. Why did the Allies believe Okinawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan?

The allies believed that Okinawa was a foretaste of an invasion of Japan because so many allie soldiers had died. Churchill predicted that hundreds of thousands or millions of men would probably die in Japan. Also, they were opened up to kamikazes that detroyed many ships and killed many men. Then on land they weren't prepared for how much worse it would be thant he at sea battles. Millions of Japanese soldiers had died while hundreds of thousands American soldiers had died, and they also saw two generals commit suicide because they'd rather do that than surrender. The Allies just thought wow this is crazy, Japan must be a lot worse (or something along the lines of that).


5. What was the Manhattan Project?

The Manhattan Project was made to research and try to build atomic bombs. The project did become successful, and only a handful of Americans knew about it, the ones that were involved in the project. However, many Americans in the project didn't know what the bomb(s) were going to be used for, and President Truman didn't even know until he came into office.


6. Ultimately, why did President Truman decide to drop atomic bombs on Japan?

President Truman decided to dop atomic bombs on Japan because he wanted to end the war and possibly save more lives (Allie lives). President Truman solely used the atomic bombs on Japan to end the war because he knew that fighting in Japan would be pretty much impossible. He saw how hard and devastating it was to win over Okinawa and Iwo Jima; so he thought that the best way was to drop atomic bombs. The Japanese even said that they wouldn't surrender, but after the two bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki they did end up surrendering.

War for Europe and North Africa-Part II

6. What was D-Day?

D-Day was the day when the allied troops began the huge planned invasion to overcome the Germans. First they entered in northern France, they tricked the Germans by saying they would land in a place 150 miles from the actual place and they had a secret army (of about one million plus more) that would carry out this day. The allied forces did end up overcoming the nazis and taking France back from Germany. After this day they began to push onward to Germany.

7. What happened at the Battle of the Bulge?

One battle fought after D-Day while pressing forth into Germany was the Battle of the Bulge. What happened was there was an eighty mile long front of allied forces, and earlier had captured their first city in Germany Aachen. However, Hitler didn't want to go down quite yet; he thought that he could take control back if he demoralized the allied forces and seized some of their land back. Although this didn't work, they did make it pretty far into the allied forces eighty mile line, but lost. Six hundred tanks and over a thousand troops and air planes were destroyed and killed. Hitler's troops attacked just one part of the line and made a 'bulge' in the line, hence Battle of the Bulge. One sad part of the battle is that over a hundred allied troops were taken prisoner and were masacred by machine guns and pistols, an attempt at demoralizing the allies.

8. What did Allied troops find in Germany?

Allied troops found concentration camps in Germany that were far worse than what they expected. They found naked and burnt bodies, and all of them emaciated. They said that their bones were sticking out through their skin. The Germans attempted to burn all the crimes and documents but failed to. Also, German troops in Berlin panacked and tried running away, however they were shot and hanged with an emblem on their chests saying that they betrayed Hitler. The concentration camps were the biggest shock to the allied troops because it was far worse than what they expected.

9. What happened to Hitler? What happened to F.D. Roosevelt? Who became U.S. President?

Hitler ended up marrying his long time companion, Eva Braun, however they killed themselves before they could be captured or anything (he shot himself and she poisoned herself). Before Hitler killed himself he blamed everything bad that had happened, the losing of land that he had seized and etc, on the Jewish people. He said that it was the Jewish people that had caused him to lose control of what he had. FDR again became president for a fourth term but less than a month before V-E-Day he died of a stroke. Then Harry S. Truman became President of the United States as the thirty-third president.

War for Europe & North Africa

1. To what did Roosevelt and Churchill agree early in the war?

Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to first attack in Europe, believing the axis powers in Europe were more of a threat than the Japanese. Later in the war they agreed that for surrender the axis powers had to surrender fully, they would have to agree with any war 'penalties' the allies would put on them.

2. Why was winning the Battle of the Atlantic so crucial to the fortunes of the Allies?

Winning the Battle of the Atlantic was so crucial for the Allies because it was the only way Britain could get war supplies, and Hitler knew that if he cut off their supplies Britain would fall and then basically he'd win the war (America would be by itself). HItler tried cutting off their supplies by attacking American ships with his U-boats, however radar, sonar, and being 'escorted' to Britain helped to destroy U-boats and bring supplies to Britain.

3. Why was the Battle of Stalingrad so important?

The Battle of Stalingrad was so important because it was the turning point in the war for the allies (mostly the Soviet Union). Hitler and part of his army had tried to capture Stalingrad, however two times winter had stopped them from doing so. They only could attack during the summer. The second time Hitler's army had actually captured nine tenths of the city, but Soviet Union troops had moved their tanks and army around the city completely trapping the nazis from their supplies. Eventually the nazis surrendered; this increased the soldiers pride and hope a lot. They began to believe more and more that they could win the war. This victory was a turning point in the war and was so important because it greatly increased pride and hope in men that they could win the war.

4. What happened in the war in North Africa?

In the war in North Africa allie troops came in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa sweeping the Afrika Korps (a German unit) out of Africa. Then the allie troops went into Italy to sweep out the axis powers. All in all, the allies gained control of North Africa which helped to sweep out the nazis in Italy and get to Germany.

5. What happened after the Allies invaded Italy?

After the Allies invaded Italy the Italians kicked Mussolini out of office and was replaced by King Emmanuel III. However, one of the hardest battles was fought in Italy, fairly close to Rome, Hitler was not letting Italy surrender without a fight. He sent troops and fought against the Allies in Anzio, 30,000 of Hitlers troops died and 25,000 Allie troops died, but it was an Allie victory.

Mobilizing for WWII

Read Chapter 25-1: Mobilizing for War and note how each of the following contributed to that effort.

1. Selective Service System

This system added another five millions men to go to war in addition to the five million volunteers, this was needed because of the two major war fronts (in the Pacific and in Europe).

2. Women

Women contributed to the war effort by being able to volunteer into the war. Women were able to work at the jobs that never saw combat, like electricians, nurses, ambulance drivers, and radio operators. This was all able to happen because of General George Marshall who pushed Congress to pass the WAAC (Women's Auxiliary Army Corps).

3. Minorities

Minorites were a big help in the war effort, but were greatly discriminated against. They didn't like how if they fought in the war they'd be fighting another race (possibly theirs) for America who wanted to enforce democracy where they didn't even get democracy in America and for people who were racist against them. However, many ethnic groups, like Asian-Americans, African-Amricans, and Native-Americans were a huge help in the war effort and they had all volunteered.

4. Manufacturers

Basically every industry switched their products that they were making into producing combat materials for war. For example, a mechanical pencil industry switched to putting powder in grenades and automobile industries switched from making cars to making ships, planes, and etc. Many industries switched to war necesities for the war effort, which contributed a lot to the war that the United States needed after the Pearl Harbor attack where many ships and planes were destroyed.

5. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)

The OSRD contributed to the war effort by making better sonar and radar, inventing drugs like penicillan, and the atomic bomb. Making better sonar and radar made it possible to locate submarines, and penicillan saved many of soldier's lives. The atomic bomb was the main focus however, they made an intense program called the Manhattan Project that investigated and researched how to make the atomic bomb. They focused on this because a refugee, Albert Einstein, told FDR in a letter that German scientists had figured out how to extract uranium atoms which made a lot of energy hence a powerful bomb.

6 Entertainment industry

The film industry made many movies about the Soviet Union being our ally, the Nazis, and romances. The movies about the Soviet Union being our ally made Americans hopeful that America could win the war, they felt like they had more power or were more powerful with USSR. Also the movies about the Nazis made Americans hate them, and therefore made Americans want to join or help the war effort. However, after all these movies about the war people got tired of them, so romance movies were made which made people forget about the realities of the war for one or two hours.

7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)

FDR made this administration to keep inflation below thiry percent or atleast steady, and to reduce consumer demands on daily products. For example, it raised the income tax and spread to people who hadn't paid it before therefor making workers not able to spend as much. This adminstration kept the inflation steady throughout WWII.

8. War Production Board (WPB)

The WPB contributed to the war effort by controling the companies by saying you can make this, and you can send these materials to that company. Also, it recycled many things like tin, paper, and cooking fat for war goods. This led to children contributing to the war effort by them collecting all the materials that could be recycled like paper.

9. Rationing

Rationing helped with the war effort by making Americans at home not able to buy as much as they would or could. They had to buy things with coupons that raised the prices which made them not want to buy as much or anything. Also, you couldn't buy gasoline which greatly impacted the west by them not being able to get around (and basically isolated at their home from other people), this was to give more gasoline and oil to the ships, planes, and automobiles being used in the war. Therefore, rationing contributed to the war effort by making the more scarce materials needed in the war available for the war effort and the men.

Japan and U.S. Relations in 1941

Japan and U.S. Relations in 1941

Document A

-Japan wants America to think about what side they're on
-Japan talked about how to help the other two axis powers control great britain
-they also figured that if they injured the south or took control over it, it would badly hurt america because they need certain strategic materials that Japan would deplete

Document B

-Japan is running circles around America
-America is still trying to isolate itself (well FDR and two other people are)
-this is probably after pearl harbor and the cartoonest wants America to do something about japan "encircling" them


Document C

-Japan is leaving something, possibly the League of Nations
-it talks about how America has ignored Japan and was upset about it
-possibly America put a new act on Japan that made them lose money or restrict imports and exports of some sort


Document D

-Japan's army lead by Tojo is trying to live up to the Prime Minister
-wants to be aggressive
-wants to make the empire bigger


Document E

-America is deeply upset at what the Japanese had done (pearl harbor)
-FDR talks about how we were peaceful with the empire
-now he's asking congress to let him declare war on japan
-says that this date (pear harbor dec. 7th 1941) will live on forever

America Moves Toward War

1. What did the 1939 Neutrality Act allow?

The 1939 Neutrality Act allowed the "cash-and-carry," which is that the U.S. would sell (mostly the allies) weapons and etc. but they would have to pay in cash and they would have to find their own way to get and bring the supplies back to their nation themselves.

2. Who were the Axis powers?

The Axis powers were Italy, Germany, and Japan.

3. What did the Lend-Lease Act do?

The Lend-Lease Act was proposed by FDR and he said that the U.S. would send supplies and such to any country whose defense was vital to the United States, and this was made because Britain had run out of money to buy supplies from the U.S.

4. What pledges were contained in the Atlantic Charter?

The pledges that were contained in the Atlantic Charter were that both would have collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas.

5. Who were the Allies?

The Allies were Britain, France, the United States, and many other nations with a total of 26.

6. What did the attack at Pearl Harbor do to the U.s. Pacific fleet?

The attack at Pearly Harbor tremendously depleted the U.S. Pacific fleet. Over two thousand men were killed plus over a thousand injnured. A total of twenty-one ships were sunk or damaged including eight battleships and about three hundred aircrafts were either destroyed or damaged. All of this made the United States almost unable to fight the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean, if they did there would be many lost battles before many won battles (as Roosevelt said).

7. Why did Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S.?

Italy and Germany declared war on the U.S. because the United States declared war on Japan, and since these three nations signed the Tritarpite Pact they had to come in and help the other if they were being attacked (like if one nation attacked one of these three nations the other two would have to go and fight against this nation as well).

"Isolationism" and FDR (1935-1941)

1. What were the goals of the isolationists? Why is "isolationism" a misleading term?

The goals of the isolationists were staying out of war, keeping the peace, and being neutral and have a good standing. They thought that America wouldn't be able to make enough in industry or survive the war with the Great Depression still going on. Also, they wanted to keep the peace as means to keep foreign trade and etc. with Europe peaceful. Lastly, they wanted to be neutral and have a good standing in the war (be strong but not be active in the war), they didnt want to be on any side and wanted America to be a good strong example almost. "Isolationism" is a misnomer because it implies that some Americans should isolate itself but in fact this group of people favored international trade and certain bilateral agreements set in the 1930s. Also, many isolationists agreed with some of the terms set during World War I.

2. What did some isolationists feel that there was no need for Americans to feel threatened by developments in Europe and Asia?

They felt that the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans cushoned them from the war, and the U.S. had made friendly alliances with the western hemisphere therefore America was safe all the way around (at least this is what some isolationists thought).

3. What were the purposes of the Nye Committee hearings?

The purposes of the Nye Committee hearings were to investigate why the U.S. went into World War I, let the people know and hopefully understand those reasons, and make people not want war inturn making the United States stay out of the problems in Europe and Asia.

4. List two impressions that the Nye Committee hearings created.

One impression the Nye Committee hearings created was that soldiers had died in WWI because of corporations looking to make profits and had convinced President Wilson to go to war. Secondly, it made Americans believe that big businesses again would drag them into this war too.

5. What were the purposes of the Neutrality Acts?

The purposes of the Neutrality Acts were to keep America from choosing sides in the war, prohibited the shipping of arms and weapons to nations at war, to bring the armament industry under the control of the government, and no Americans on warring country’s ships or American ships in the war.xd

6. List two reasons that some Americans considered Roosevelt's leadership radical and dangerous.

One reason, Americans considered Roosevelt’s leadership radical and dangerous because FDR attempted to “pack” the court with leaders he appointed himself to add to the court, for every man over the age of seventy. Secondly, FDR tried becoming president a third term in 1940, therefore people thought he was becoming overly powerful and in turn dangerous.

7. What was "Cash and Carry"?

“Cash and Carry” was part of the Neutrality Act of 1939 and allowed America to sell products to the warring nations but they would have to pay in cash and find a means as to bring the products to them (America wouldn’t send ships with the products to the warring nations the nations would have to get it themselves).

8. Why did President Roosevelt freeze Japanese assets in the United States?

FDR froze Japanese assets in the United States because FDR thought that Japan was moving too aggressively and after Japan took control of northern French Indochina FDR couldn’t take it anymore.

9. What was the purpose of the America First Committee?

The sole purpose of the America First Committee was to keep the country out of WWII. The AFC called FDR two-faced by saying he was against war but was forcing Congress to pass acts that aided the warring countries like Britain. Also, they urged America to not help any of the warring countries at all.

World Events Set Stage for Isolationism

1. What was the Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles? (pgs. 4 - 5)

The Japanese reaction to the Treaty of Versailles was "at a crossroads" (p. 4). Some people wanted to join the League of Nations as means to obtain some of the natural resources and markets to help boost their growing economy. Others didn't think that Japan should join nor sign the treaty because they thought that the other countries would still consider them as inferior people and that they would just be ignored. This idea came from the strong discrimination and racial dispositions from France, Great Britain, and the U.S. Another side thought that the higher powers, like France, Great Britain, and the U.S., would just use Japan for their natural resources and markets.

2. Read the pull-out box on page 4 entitled, "Japan Becomes a Great Power." Cite specific evidence Japan was becoming a strong power that rivaled European & American interests. And, why specifically was Japan threatened by U.S. actions?

It began a program with the slogan: "Enrich the nation and strengthen the army," which clearly shows that it wanted to spread its traditions and its overall ways of life to the world; like America's "manifest destiny." Also, there were some strong opionions saying "others argued that Japan would need to use military force to achieve its goals," which shows that some people thought that Japan needed to take evasive and aggressive action "to achieve its goals." Then "Japan defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War and gained access to parts of Man- churia. Japan annexed Korea in 1910. In 1914, Japan had declared war against Germany in order to "...establish its rights and interests in Asia," which furthermore shows that Japan was moving fast in expanding its territory and their ways of life. The aggression and expansion Japan started making was a great threat to Europe and America and their interests. Japan was threatened by U.S. actions because America was expanding farther west into the specific (the Philippines, Guam, and Hawaii), the U.S. made acts that stopped immigration of Japanese and Chinese immigrants from coming into America, and the U.S. had interests in the markets (and did have some control of some of the areas and markets).

3. Why was the Washington Naval Conference convened and what was accomplished? (pg. 6) (Note: Japan signs the agreement.)

The Washington Naval Conference was convened because U.S. interests were threatened by the immense growth of Japan's navy in the Pacific Ocean. The conference accomplished limited the size of naval ships, placed a mora- torium on building new battleships, outlawed the use of poison gases, and limited the role of submarines in future wars. Also, the nations agreed on an open policy trade with China and agreed to recognize and fix disputes about the issues in the Pacific by sending them to a committee for resolution.

4. The Senate's willingness to ratify the Kellogg-Briand Pact relected two strong and widely held sentiments. What were they? (pgs. 6 - 7)

Americans remembered the carnage of World War I and wanted strongly to avoid being dragged into another European war. Also, policy-makers continued to resist the obligations of permanent alliances and wished to preserve the ability to act when and where they wanted.

5. Why did Hitler enjoy popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s? Give three reasons. (pgs. 9 - 10)

Hitler enjoyed popular support in Germany for most of the 1930s because he improved the economic situation, reduced unemployment, and made Germans feel proud of their country again after being humiliated in the Treaty of Versailles by the strong European countries like France and Great Britain.

6. Japan voiced its intentions to invade China for what two reasons? (pg. 10)

The two voiced reasons were said as a means of obtaining raw material and increasing their power.

7. Compare the Reichstag fire and the explosion on the Japanese railway in Manchuria. What did they accompllish?

The Reichstag fire was supposidly made by communists but it is suspected to be made by Hitler and the nazis, and the railway in Machuria was supposidly made by China but it is also suspected the Japan did it. They were both suspected to be done to start an uproar. Japan used it (and made it) to start or invade Manchuria and take control, to basically start this control and expansion of Japan. The fire was made and used by the Nazis and Hitler to suspend the rights of the people (including freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to assemble). He blamed German communists that they were trying to incite a revolution and overthrow the government. The railway accomplished for Japan control, Japan got to control that part of China and it started the big aggression of Japan's expansion. The fire gave Hitler more power, he got to control the people.

8. Why was the united States unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s with a significant military force? (pgs. 11 - 12)

The United States was unable to oppose Japan in the early 1930s because their military force was only in the low hundred thousand whil Japan's was in the millions. Also, the League was also afraid and didn't want to get involved. So America woul have no help, everyone was backing out of fighting and so did America.

9. Describe the major similarities and differences among liberal democracy, fascism, and socialism. (pg. 8)

Some of the major similarities with liberal democracy, fascisim, and socialism are that there is a group of leaders that more or less control the people of their country and the people aren't in complete control. In fascism the Nazis were controled by Hitler he told the nazis what to do to the people to control them and he made laws that controled the people. In socialism the people didn't have any control over pretty much everything, there was a group of people led by Josef Stalin who controled what the people did and what they had. In liberal democracy, there are different levels of groups of people that make laws and such that regulate many things and make rules for people. These rules somewhat control the people, but there are a lot more freedoms here than the others. Here there is freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom to assembly and much more. The people weren't controled in certain ways like how much work they had to do, whether they lived or died. However in fascism under Hitler he tried exterminating certain races such as Jewish people and African Americans. Also, in socialism the people had no rights, they had to go to this assigned job and make a certain amount or quota of whatever they made, and if they didn't they'd be sent to this horrible camps that were very much like the concentration camps run by Hitler.