1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
American plantation owner's and U.S. Marines toppled Hawaii's queen in 1893 because Hawaii was very valuable to the United States. It was very valuable because it was in the middle of the Pacific Ocean which would and did make a crucial stop for ships en route to East Asia. Also, the soil enriched from the volcanoes made it perfect for growing sugar, pineapple, and coffee. President Grover Cleveland's reaction to the topple of Hawaii's queen and the annexation of Hawaii was complete disagreement. He said that we should only take over a nation (or country or what evey it may be) that it be because they need help. Also, he said that if we come to help them when they need it than it makes the U.S. look good and they end up liking us which helps us take over them. I disagree with his quote because if a nation like the U.S. wants to take over and has the power sure go ahead and take over, but only if the state in return approves of it. Also, I think that any nation that is capable to run itself than we have no need to interfere or even forcibly take over.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
One important change that transformed America in the nineteenth century was immigration. Immigration affected Americans by broadening the ethnic diversity in America, and they all leaned towards living in the cities in America (such as Boston and New York City) which made the cities crowded and harder to find jobs in the cities and there became problems in the cities such as crime and sanitation. Also, urbanization, from the influx of immigrants into the U.S., helped to transform America. It affected Americans by making it harder for them to find jobs, and some were afraid that the immigrants would take their jobs from them because they would accept lower wages. Agricultural began to fall from the U.S. which helped to transform it. More and more people took jobs that directly or indirectly worked with the land, and soon manufacturing took over agriculture as the leading source of the nation's wealth. As manufacturing took over the people relied more on the new inventions that occurred during this time. For example, when machines made it easier to make railroads and railroads were being built up like bunnies have baby bunnies farmers then relied on the railroads to transfer their goods to sell them. Also, the native-born Americans saw the immigrants as a threat to their success and progress in the U.S. become stalled because they thought that the new immigrants weren't capable of working industriously and weren't as smart as they should be (like the native-born Americans). Another transormation in the U.S. during the nineteenth century was the needed labor in the industries. The industries in America needed laborers in their factories and etcetera to make them profitable and get work done in them, and the affect of needed labores to the people was that it changed the American values, which they didn't want. Fourthly, international trade greatly transformed the U.S. It became significant in the U.S. economy because european nations and others wanted their goods and made the U.S. great profits. In turn it made Americans happier because it made them and the U.S. more successful and powerful. Also, advances in transportation and machine-assisted farming increased the amount of agricultural exports, which made American manufacturers compete in the international market. Soon big businesses gained political power and the small farmers began to dwindle in existance in politics. This greatly affected Americans; as big businesses got more power the middle-classes and lower-classes began to have no voice in politics because the big businesses (which mainly consisted of first-classes and part of middle-class) began to take over in politics.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
The economic depression that began in 1893 deepened the divisions in American society by making everybody worry about something. For example, the city dwellers worried about insercurity, the laborers worried about losing their jobs, the plantation owners worried about losing profits, and farmers became more poor because of the even more decrease of income. The groups that suffered the most during the depression were the city dwellers, laborers, and farmers. The city dwellers found it hard to find jobs, while the laborers were fighting to keep their job(s), and the farmers became more and more poor.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
The values that many American attached to the frontier were resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patriotism. Many American feared that the closing of the frontier would harm America's national character because they believed that it would put their values in jeopardy. When the American economy began to dwindle they became fearful that the nation would no longer progress; without the progress their values would slowly die and they definitely did not want that to happen because then there wouldn't be "civilization" in America. They would no longer be able to prosper and spread their 'civilness' to other nations, they wanted to have power and without any more expansion they couldn't have more power or attain their duty in civlizing others.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
Some Americans suggested greater involvement overseas because they had fears of the United States' future, like the fear about the changing American character and the belief in American power. Most Americans feared that the nation's economic growth would stall and they didn't want that, they wanted to keep getting better and progressing.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
Expansionists said that the best way to ensure the economic success of the United States would be to put a more aggressive approach towards dealing with other nations. They believed that foreign (or overseas) expansion would continue to make the economic growth in the U.S., the foreign nations would be potentially great consumers in the American market and manufacturing businesses. Also, they saw European and Japanese nations were forcing on China rules that would set standards on the Chinese trade; so America became afraid of not being able to or ever accessing the Chinese market. Imperialists said that making an empire overseas would secure export markets, raw materials, and cheap labor; and that their stragedy was essential in making America's role in the world more prominant and known. Also, they believed that expanding overseas was part of their manifest destiny.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
The followers of Darwin took "survival of the fittest" to the extreme and called it social Darwinism. They took it that they could be and are the fittest thus if they took over other nations they would be superior while the others would "die off," which supported the cause of American imperialism by saying that they could rule and have a great empire easily by taking over foreign nations. Also, they believed that they (like the Anglo-saxons) were more fit to rule and have more power than the other 'lower' races. Also, scientists said that Germans and Europeans were the highest in intelligence and energy while Africa, the U.S., and everywhere else were the "lowest levels of humankind" which was known as scientific racism. The pseudo-scientific theories were used to justify racist policies and imperialism by convincing many people, including Americans, that it was their destiny to rule and that the 'lowers' shouldn't rule they weren't 'intelligent' enough. The pseudo-scientific theories are not completely used today against all races and ethnicities. For example, African-Americans and other immigrants like the Chines aren't seem as less intelligent anymore, but now that there's a war in Iraq the U.S. government and some people believe that the Iraqians and the others around there need help from us. Implying that they can't hold power by themselves, they need more 'intelligent' people like the U.S. to help them hold power or we'll just hold it for them.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
Many Protestant churches said that America's role in the world was to also expand overseas so they could "civilize" everyone besides the Anglo-Saxons. Also, some Protestant churches saw that it was God's plan for the human race to civilize each other. Then some said that after America's expansion in the entire world there would be peace everywhere. Another saying, some said that it was the nation's duty to civilize the other nations so that they could ensure civilization and so export markets could "spread properly."
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations.
The United States became involved in several Latin Americna nations in the nineteenth century because they wanted to expand overseas, become more economic in the exporting market, and to "civilize" some nations. The United States became involved in Samoa because they were interested in the land for themselves like for ship refueling stations, farming, and expansion (more power). Then Germany and Britain tried to get land in Samoa which made America compete and then finally agree to share parts of the land; Britain adn Germany ended up getting some land in Samoa in a partition. The U.S. also became involved in Hawaii because of its' location in the Pacific Ocean and the volcanic rich soil that was great for sugar, pineapple, and coffee plantations. Also, the U.S. was afraid of Japanese control in Hawaii, they may not be able to access their naval base at Pearl Harbor. Also, the U.S. had interest in Venezuela because it had gold and was being 'bullied' by Britain; the U.S. then feared that if Britain took control of Venezuela and dug up the land it would interfere with U.S. foreign trade. The U.S. also got involved with Chile and the Brazilian revolution and Nicaragua because they didn't want their future plans of building a canal in Nicaragua to be canceled because of them.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
The United States was concerned about British involvement in Venezuaela because they didn't like the fact that Britain was supposidly "bullying" Venezuela, and if Britain got control of the land and dug it up, like in Africa, looking for gold it could impede their foreign export trading and expanding America's personal ties with other Latin American countries. U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoked the Monroe Doctrine, in response to the events in Venezuela, that was supposed to "prevent Britain from taking any furthur steps."
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
Friday, October 23, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Directions: As you read about the Spanish-American War, write notes to answer the questions about its causes and effects.
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners-were interested in Cuba because it was so close to Florida and they coud get great benificial profits from it, the Americans said they were interested and then Spain responded by saying something like they'd rather Cuba drown than be owned by the U.S.
2. José Martí-he organized revolts that destroyed American sugar plantations to provoke the Americans, and then the Americans were split on wether to help Spain or the Cubans.
3. Valeriano Weyler-is a general of Spain, sent to Cuba to restore order, his attempt at restoring order was to send the population of central and western Cuba into barbed wire concentration camps, newspaper headlines in America were writing crazily about these concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism-is the style of writing that the journalists use that exaggerated the true stories of the concentration camps and what Spain was doing, for example they said that children were thrown in the water to sharks, which made Americans more sympathetic towards the rebels.
5. De Lôme letter-the minister of Spain (Enrique Dupuy de Lome) wrote a letter and a Cuban took it from the post office and gave it to a newspaper company, the U.S. saw the letter which insulted President McKinley (it called him "weak") and the U.S. grew furious at Spain for insulting them.
6. U.S.S. Maine-went to Cuba to retrieve American citizens so they'd be safe and protected (ordered by President McKinley after the De Lome letter), and in the harbor the ship blew up (1898), and then newspapers blamed Spain for purposely blowing up the ship and asked for the capture of the terrorist with a reward if captured.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice
8. Puerto Rico-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice
9. Guam-handed over to the U.S. from Spain after the armistice and when they were in Paris making a treaty
10. Philippine Islands-sold to America for $20 million from Spain after the armistice and in the making of the treaty while in Paris, treaty was called the Treaty of Paris and was a great debate because some people weren't sure if the U.S. was allowed to annex the Philippines Islands, but Congress passed the Treaty of Paris and all of the above nations were added to the U.S. dominion. Also, a question raised was wether or not the annexation went against the Decleration of Independence for allowing a newly added nation to self-govern.
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners-were interested in Cuba because it was so close to Florida and they coud get great benificial profits from it, the Americans said they were interested and then Spain responded by saying something like they'd rather Cuba drown than be owned by the U.S.
2. José Martí-he organized revolts that destroyed American sugar plantations to provoke the Americans, and then the Americans were split on wether to help Spain or the Cubans.
3. Valeriano Weyler-is a general of Spain, sent to Cuba to restore order, his attempt at restoring order was to send the population of central and western Cuba into barbed wire concentration camps, newspaper headlines in America were writing crazily about these concentration camps.
4. Yellow journalism-is the style of writing that the journalists use that exaggerated the true stories of the concentration camps and what Spain was doing, for example they said that children were thrown in the water to sharks, which made Americans more sympathetic towards the rebels.
5. De Lôme letter-the minister of Spain (Enrique Dupuy de Lome) wrote a letter and a Cuban took it from the post office and gave it to a newspaper company, the U.S. saw the letter which insulted President McKinley (it called him "weak") and the U.S. grew furious at Spain for insulting them.
6. U.S.S. Maine-went to Cuba to retrieve American citizens so they'd be safe and protected (ordered by President McKinley after the De Lome letter), and in the harbor the ship blew up (1898), and then newspapers blamed Spain for purposely blowing up the ship and asked for the capture of the terrorist with a reward if captured.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice
8. Puerto Rico-handed over to the U.S. from Spain when they made the treaty and after the armistice
9. Guam-handed over to the U.S. from Spain after the armistice and when they were in Paris making a treaty
10. Philippine Islands-sold to America for $20 million from Spain after the armistice and in the making of the treaty while in Paris, treaty was called the Treaty of Paris and was a great debate because some people weren't sure if the U.S. was allowed to annex the Philippines Islands, but Congress passed the Treaty of Paris and all of the above nations were added to the U.S. dominion. Also, a question raised was wether or not the annexation went against the Decleration of Independence for allowing a newly added nation to self-govern.
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
U.S. Imperialism Begins
1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
a.)desire for military strength
b.)thirst for new markets
c.)belief in cultural superiority
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The United States saw the other countries such as Europe capture and control other countries by force from their military; the U.S. wanted to expand their nation and followed the trend of foreign countries so they built up a stronger military lead by leaders such as Alfred T. Mahan.
The U.S. wanted new markets because all of the products being made from the factories were 'over-boiling,' they needed a way to sell these products and concluded that if other nations bought their products there would be less unemployment and economic depression.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" because in 1867 William Seward, who was the Secretary of State under the presidents Lincoln and Johnson. He proposed to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, but the House of Representatives said no. In the end though they did buy Alaska for two cents an acre and what do you know the land was full of timber, oil, and minerals which could all have greatly improved the nation's economy.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar plantations accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century and was controled by plantation owners that had Japanese, Portuguese, and Chinese laborers.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The United States wanted the Pacific Islands because it had the best port, Pearl Habor, for American ships to refuel and its sugar plantations would be momentous in the United States recieving more money. First, the U.S. forced Hawaii to allow them to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor which gave the U.S. some control of Hawaii. Then the U.S. helped the business groups overthrow the revolution organized by Queen Liliuokalani, and President Cleveland said that the Queen should restore her thrown but Sanford B. Dole wouldn't surrender. After that, President Cleveland recognized Hawaii as a Republic, and he let the people of Hawaii decide weither or not they wanted to be annexed into the United States. Finally, after Cleveland's presidency William McKinley had his turn and he favored annexation. So in 1897 he annexed Hawaii as the 50th state in the U.S. without a single vote from the Hawaiians.
a.)desire for military strength
b.)thirst for new markets
c.)belief in cultural superiority
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
The United States saw the other countries such as Europe capture and control other countries by force from their military; the U.S. wanted to expand their nation and followed the trend of foreign countries so they built up a stronger military lead by leaders such as Alfred T. Mahan.
The U.S. wanted new markets because all of the products being made from the factories were 'over-boiling,' they needed a way to sell these products and concluded that if other nations bought their products there would be less unemployment and economic depression.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
Alaska was known as "Seward's Folly" because in 1867 William Seward, who was the Secretary of State under the presidents Lincoln and Johnson. He proposed to buy Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, but the House of Representatives said no. In the end though they did buy Alaska for two cents an acre and what do you know the land was full of timber, oil, and minerals which could all have greatly improved the nation's economy.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
Sugar plantations accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii's wealth in the mid-19th century and was controled by plantation owners that had Japanese, Portuguese, and Chinese laborers.
6. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
The United States wanted the Pacific Islands because it had the best port, Pearl Habor, for American ships to refuel and its sugar plantations would be momentous in the United States recieving more money. First, the U.S. forced Hawaii to allow them to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor which gave the U.S. some control of Hawaii. Then the U.S. helped the business groups overthrow the revolution organized by Queen Liliuokalani, and President Cleveland said that the Queen should restore her thrown but Sanford B. Dole wouldn't surrender. After that, President Cleveland recognized Hawaii as a Republic, and he let the people of Hawaii decide weither or not they wanted to be annexed into the United States. Finally, after Cleveland's presidency William McKinley had his turn and he favored annexation. So in 1897 he annexed Hawaii as the 50th state in the U.S. without a single vote from the Hawaiians.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
William Howard Taft had gotten selected to run for president because the previous president, President Roosevelt, had hand selected him to run for president, he basically nominated Taft himself. Taft and the Republicans won an easy victory under the slogan "Vote for Taft this time, you can vote for Bryan any time." Also, Taft was the Secretary of War during Roosevelt's presidency so Roosevelt knew about Taft and thought that he would cary on his ideas.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Taft wasn't expanding Roosevelt's reforms instead he was hesitant towards everything, every obstacle that he faced; Taft even admitted to Roosevelt that he didn't feel like a president. Also, after Taft's presidency and the next election came he ran against Roosevelt, Wilson, and Debs; during the campaigning both Taft and Roosevelt gibed at each other and even Wilson agreed that it turned nasty, he was smart to stay out of it.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
During Taft's presidency he completely fell flat, for example he made tariffs that angered many people and he fired Ballinger, who was part of the U.S. Forest Service, because Ballinger spoke against Taft's action in taking away one million acres of land. Also, the refute between Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party, and the overall fighting help Wilson win the election in 1912. Lastly, Wilson had the same ideas of Roosevelt but a different way of putting them into action which helped make him more appealing to the public than Roosevelt.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson used the power of being president to pass acts, he helped pass the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) and the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). The Clayton Act prohibited companies from buying stocks from another if their intentions were to make a monopoly. The Federal Trade Commission Act made the FTC, also known as the Federal Trade Commission. Their job was to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from the corporations, and to put an end to many unfair business traditions. These acts greatly helped end the monopolies and was a very affective attack against the trusts and monopolies.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment was added to the constitution in 1919 and it allowed women the right to vote, after their hard struggles for their suffrage and then the entry in World War I it was given that the women would finally have the right to vote.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
The Americans and legislators were very distracted by the war and let the progressive movement go to a standstill. Also, during Wilson's second presidency the war completely dominated his time as president which also helped stall the reform movement, and then the progressive movement stopped.
William Howard Taft had gotten selected to run for president because the previous president, President Roosevelt, had hand selected him to run for president, he basically nominated Taft himself. Taft and the Republicans won an easy victory under the slogan "Vote for Taft this time, you can vote for Bryan any time." Also, Taft was the Secretary of War during Roosevelt's presidency so Roosevelt knew about Taft and thought that he would cary on his ideas.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
Taft wasn't expanding Roosevelt's reforms instead he was hesitant towards everything, every obstacle that he faced; Taft even admitted to Roosevelt that he didn't feel like a president. Also, after Taft's presidency and the next election came he ran against Roosevelt, Wilson, and Debs; during the campaigning both Taft and Roosevelt gibed at each other and even Wilson agreed that it turned nasty, he was smart to stay out of it.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
During Taft's presidency he completely fell flat, for example he made tariffs that angered many people and he fired Ballinger, who was part of the U.S. Forest Service, because Ballinger spoke against Taft's action in taking away one million acres of land. Also, the refute between Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican Party, and the overall fighting help Wilson win the election in 1912. Lastly, Wilson had the same ideas of Roosevelt but a different way of putting them into action which helped make him more appealing to the public than Roosevelt.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
Wilson used the power of being president to pass acts, he helped pass the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) and the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914). The Clayton Act prohibited companies from buying stocks from another if their intentions were to make a monopoly. The Federal Trade Commission Act made the FTC, also known as the Federal Trade Commission. Their job was to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes, to require periodic reports from the corporations, and to put an end to many unfair business traditions. These acts greatly helped end the monopolies and was a very affective attack against the trusts and monopolies.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
The Nineteenth Amendment was added to the constitution in 1919 and it allowed women the right to vote, after their hard struggles for their suffrage and then the entry in World War I it was given that the women would finally have the right to vote.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
The Americans and legislators were very distracted by the war and let the progressive movement go to a standstill. Also, during Wilson's second presidency the war completely dominated his time as president which also helped stall the reform movement, and then the progressive movement stopped.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Child Labor Reform Photographs
Objective Assessment
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
The girl in pigtale brades looks fearful and works at a cotton mill, she is small and the mill looks dirty. There's dirt on the window-sills and the air looks dirty; like it's filled with the dust of the cotton and etcetera. One question I have about this photo is what is the girls' specific job at the mill. I can conquer that she is probably really tired and sad. I can say that the lives of the children working in this mill is unhealthy; most of them probably don't know their age as said in Hine's notes, they probably don't have a big educational background, and they are probably always tired and have serious injuries.
Photograph B
There are five young girls standing in a row. Their clothes are dirty, they look tired and angry, their hair is messy, and their posture is hunched but on the brighter side they're outside in the fresh air. One question I have is how many other children are there, what do they do, and how are they treated? I can assume that they are very tired, work with something that is heavy and makes their backs hunched, and they are friends in the factory.
Photograph C
There's one little girl with no shoes and is standing in between two cotton-weaving machines, and there's cotton all over the place on the floor and she has just a blank expession on One question I have is why is she there and just standing in the middle of the two machines? I think that the children working at this factory are just looked over, trying to get money so they can eat, and probably get injured a lot as well. When I said looked over I mean that the adult workers wont think of anything when a child just walks in and starts working, they don't find it odd or question why they may be there.
Photograph D
The boy looks cold, scared, and shy. There's people just walking by him not thinking anythign of it, possibly it's normal to them. He's sitting on a light post and it's right by the street so the fumes and chance of getting hit by cars could and probably did hurt the boy. Why are people just walking by him and not doing anything? I assume that the boy hates his job, that he's very cold and sad, and that the other boys that have the same job don't get a lot of customers so its hard for them to get payed because they may not make their 'quota.'
Photograph E
In this photograph there's many boys sitting down in an area where the air is very dirty and crowded and in a small area. There all sitting down shoveling something possibly coal. I wonder how long they have to work and how dirty the air really is, like if they could get lung cancer. I assume that the boys don't like their job at all they're dirty and sad and tired and there's people there watching them do their job and would jurt them. So their conditions there were horrible they were beaten sore and sad.
Photograph F
There are boys all over the place doing all sorts of things and pipes hanging down and everywhere. It is very dark and you can't really see what's on the ground. I wonder how long they have to work, since the captian says it's 9 p.m. I wonder if they work longer after that. The boys probably get scolded and beaten if they do something wrong to the glass and they probably work really long hours. Also, they probably get many injuries like from hitting their head on the pipes or cutting themselves with glasss.
Photograph G
There's many people standing over a train conveyor belt that are all sorts of ages, there's light bulbs, and the children are standing on some sort of trash in a pile so they can reach the top of the train car. I wonder what that little boy is doing there even though he's so little, he looks like he's not doing anything like there with his mother. I assume that the adults in the factory think its normal to have children working by their sides and they may be competing against each other because they could be payed by how many clams they shuck so the children could be discriminated against because the adults want to earn more and the children are taken advantaged of.
Photograph H
There's a bunch of boys and girls going to the door, in a line, and the girls have scarves over their heads. The building looks shabby and dirty. I wonder what they're going to do there, like what's their job. I assume that it's at night and that they work at night in small rooms, there's probably stuff that gets in their hair and that's why the girls are wearing scarves over their heads. Also, they probably get injuries from something like the equipment or the head masters.
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A
The girl in pigtale brades looks fearful and works at a cotton mill, she is small and the mill looks dirty. There's dirt on the window-sills and the air looks dirty; like it's filled with the dust of the cotton and etcetera. One question I have about this photo is what is the girls' specific job at the mill. I can conquer that she is probably really tired and sad. I can say that the lives of the children working in this mill is unhealthy; most of them probably don't know their age as said in Hine's notes, they probably don't have a big educational background, and they are probably always tired and have serious injuries.
Photograph B
There are five young girls standing in a row. Their clothes are dirty, they look tired and angry, their hair is messy, and their posture is hunched but on the brighter side they're outside in the fresh air. One question I have is how many other children are there, what do they do, and how are they treated? I can assume that they are very tired, work with something that is heavy and makes their backs hunched, and they are friends in the factory.
Photograph C
There's one little girl with no shoes and is standing in between two cotton-weaving machines, and there's cotton all over the place on the floor and she has just a blank expession on One question I have is why is she there and just standing in the middle of the two machines? I think that the children working at this factory are just looked over, trying to get money so they can eat, and probably get injured a lot as well. When I said looked over I mean that the adult workers wont think of anything when a child just walks in and starts working, they don't find it odd or question why they may be there.
Photograph D
The boy looks cold, scared, and shy. There's people just walking by him not thinking anythign of it, possibly it's normal to them. He's sitting on a light post and it's right by the street so the fumes and chance of getting hit by cars could and probably did hurt the boy. Why are people just walking by him and not doing anything? I assume that the boy hates his job, that he's very cold and sad, and that the other boys that have the same job don't get a lot of customers so its hard for them to get payed because they may not make their 'quota.'
Photograph E
In this photograph there's many boys sitting down in an area where the air is very dirty and crowded and in a small area. There all sitting down shoveling something possibly coal. I wonder how long they have to work and how dirty the air really is, like if they could get lung cancer. I assume that the boys don't like their job at all they're dirty and sad and tired and there's people there watching them do their job and would jurt them. So their conditions there were horrible they were beaten sore and sad.
Photograph F
There are boys all over the place doing all sorts of things and pipes hanging down and everywhere. It is very dark and you can't really see what's on the ground. I wonder how long they have to work, since the captian says it's 9 p.m. I wonder if they work longer after that. The boys probably get scolded and beaten if they do something wrong to the glass and they probably work really long hours. Also, they probably get many injuries like from hitting their head on the pipes or cutting themselves with glasss.
Photograph G
There's many people standing over a train conveyor belt that are all sorts of ages, there's light bulbs, and the children are standing on some sort of trash in a pile so they can reach the top of the train car. I wonder what that little boy is doing there even though he's so little, he looks like he's not doing anything like there with his mother. I assume that the adults in the factory think its normal to have children working by their sides and they may be competing against each other because they could be payed by how many clams they shuck so the children could be discriminated against because the adults want to earn more and the children are taken advantaged of.
Photograph H
There's a bunch of boys and girls going to the door, in a line, and the girls have scarves over their heads. The building looks shabby and dirty. I wonder what they're going to do there, like what's their job. I assume that it's at night and that they work at night in small rooms, there's probably stuff that gets in their hair and that's why the girls are wearing scarves over their heads. Also, they probably get injuries from something like the equipment or the head masters.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
TR's Square Deal
1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?
He thought that the government should take control of states' problems when the states themselves couldn't deal with them. Also, he started to do his hobbies, such as boxing, in the white house. The Roosevelt administration also made "various progressive reforms" which came to be known as the Square Deal.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
After Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike the people started to expect the federal government to intervene whenever there was a strike because they saw how peacefully and orginized a settlement can be between the workers and employeers; that's what set the precedent for federal arbitration.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
For the trusts Roosevelt filed forty-four suits and won some and broke up some trusts, but that still didn't slow the merger movement in business. Roosevelt helped pass the Elkins act which made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to recieve rebates for using particular railroads, and it also said that the railroads couldn't change their rates without notifying the public.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Meat Inspection Act passed during Roosevelt's presideny that protected citizens from uncleansiness in the factories and from bad meat. The act made the workers in the meat factories and the factories be as clean as a whistle, and the meat had to be inspected so it didn't contain any diseases and etcetera.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
Roosevelt preserved 148 million acres of forest reserve, 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land, and established more that 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks. He did this though partially to make areas of dry soil to be able to be apart of agriculture.
He thought that the government should take control of states' problems when the states themselves couldn't deal with them. Also, he started to do his hobbies, such as boxing, in the white house. The Roosevelt administration also made "various progressive reforms" which came to be known as the Square Deal.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
After Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike the people started to expect the federal government to intervene whenever there was a strike because they saw how peacefully and orginized a settlement can be between the workers and employeers; that's what set the precedent for federal arbitration.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
For the trusts Roosevelt filed forty-four suits and won some and broke up some trusts, but that still didn't slow the merger movement in business. Roosevelt helped pass the Elkins act which made it illegal for railroad officials to give and shippers to recieve rebates for using particular railroads, and it also said that the railroads couldn't change their rates without notifying the public.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
The Meat Inspection Act passed during Roosevelt's presideny that protected citizens from uncleansiness in the factories and from bad meat. The act made the workers in the meat factories and the factories be as clean as a whistle, and the meat had to be inspected so it didn't contain any diseases and etcetera.
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
Roosevelt preserved 148 million acres of forest reserve, 1.5 million acres of water-power sites, 80 million acres of land, and established more that 50 wildlife sanctuaries and several national parks. He did this though partially to make areas of dry soil to be able to be apart of agriculture.
Friday, October 2, 2009
Urbanization
1. What is Urbanization?
Urbanization is the growth of cities. After the technological boom immigrants from all over the place influxed into mostly the Northeast and Midwest, and resulted in a rapid urbanization. As the immigrants came in they moved to the cities and they became overcrowded. They came to the cities because it was cheaper to live and easier to find a job or jobs; especially if they were unskilled they could work in the factories.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Many Americans moved from the country to the cities because of the inventions in farming, such as the McCormick reaper, laborers working on farms were no longer needed and laid off so they went to the cities for industrial work and it was cheaper in the cities to live.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
The housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced were crowded housing, poor ventillation in the home, transportation, dirty water, and bad hygeinic issues in the cities. The homes in cities were first meant for a single family but the immigrants squeezed in three families. Then the city government tried to make ventillation in the homes by putting a small window in them, but the people would put their garbage in the windows because they had no other place to put it. The cities weren't capable of replacing old transportation, like electric subways in Boston. Some homes couldn't get plumbing for water so they would have to go to faucets out in the streets and even the people that did have plumbing it wasn't very sufficient. Lastly, there was very bad sanitation in the cities. The people would put their raw sewage in the gutters, horse manure was piled in the streets, factories put hazardous smoke into the air, and garbage was just put in the streets. Eventually there became paid "scavengers" that would sweep the streets, pick up garbage, and clean outhouses but they never did their job properly.
Urbanization is the growth of cities. After the technological boom immigrants from all over the place influxed into mostly the Northeast and Midwest, and resulted in a rapid urbanization. As the immigrants came in they moved to the cities and they became overcrowded. They came to the cities because it was cheaper to live and easier to find a job or jobs; especially if they were unskilled they could work in the factories.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
Many Americans moved from the country to the cities because of the inventions in farming, such as the McCormick reaper, laborers working on farms were no longer needed and laid off so they went to the cities for industrial work and it was cheaper in the cities to live.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
The housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced were crowded housing, poor ventillation in the home, transportation, dirty water, and bad hygeinic issues in the cities. The homes in cities were first meant for a single family but the immigrants squeezed in three families. Then the city government tried to make ventillation in the homes by putting a small window in them, but the people would put their garbage in the windows because they had no other place to put it. The cities weren't capable of replacing old transportation, like electric subways in Boston. Some homes couldn't get plumbing for water so they would have to go to faucets out in the streets and even the people that did have plumbing it wasn't very sufficient. Lastly, there was very bad sanitation in the cities. The people would put their raw sewage in the gutters, horse manure was piled in the streets, factories put hazardous smoke into the air, and garbage was just put in the streets. Eventually there became paid "scavengers" that would sweep the streets, pick up garbage, and clean outhouses but they never did their job properly.
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